First World War – Page 9 – Excursions in Jewish Military History and Jewish Genealogy

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “Jews in the Black Watch”, September 11, 1914

A commentary and a question, in the form of a very brief article:

“What were they doing?”

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Jews in The Black Watch
“BONNIER LADS AND BRAVER I DON’T WISH TO SEE”

The Jewish Chronicle
September 11, 1914

Somebody asked a question about the Jews – what were they doing? A Highlander broke in sharply, “Doing? Well, their duty. We had three with us, and bonnier lads and braver I don’t wish to see. They fought just splendid!”

There was a private of the Berkshire Regiment with the Highlanders, and he also had a good word to say of the Jews at the Front. “We had ten in our company,” he remarked, “all good fighters, and six won’t be seen again. So don’t say a word against the Jews!”

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “A Jewish Soldier at Mons”, and, “Jewish Wounded in London Hospital”, September 11, 1914 (Gunner Victor Freedman, Private Isaac Levy, and Alfred Springer)

The Chronicle not uncommonly published full letters, or extracts of letters, from servicemen, describing their observations and experiences. Here is a letter from a Jewish soldier – Private Levy, from Leeds – describing his actions during the retreat of the British Army from Mons.

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A Jewish Soldier at Mons
GALLANTRY IN THE FIELD

The Jewish Chronicle
September 11, 1914

A letter has been received from Private Levy, of Leeds, who has been serving as a private in the Royal Munster Fusiliers, and who has been invalided from the front.

“I have been sent home from the front very poorly,” he says. “The fighting was all round Mons. We were sent up to the firing line to try and save a battery. When we got there we found that they were nearly all killed or wounded. Our Irish lads opened fire on the dirty Germans, and you should have seen them fall. It was like a game of skittles. But as soon as you knocked them down up came another thousand or so. We could not make out where they came from. So all of a sudden our officer gave us the order to charge. We fixed bayonets and went like fire through them. You should have seen them run. We had two companies of ours there against about 3,000 of theirs, and I tell you it was warm. I was not sorry when night time came, but that was not all. You see we had no horses to get those guns away, and our chaps would not leave them. We dragged them ourselves to a place of safety. As the firing line was at full swing we had with us an officer of the Hussars. I think he was next to me, and he had his hand nearly blown off by one of the German shells. So I and two more fellows picked him up and took him to a place of safety, where he got his wound cared for. I heard afterwards that he had been sent home, poor fellow.”

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But, this is not the end of the story of Private Levy’s story.

Within the same issue of the Chronicle, an account of his experiences appears with additional detail, described in the context of a visit by the Chief Rabbi, and Reverend S. Levy, to wounded Jewish soldiers at the London Hospital.

Other Jewish soldiers are mentioned in the article. They are:

Gunner Victor Freedman, from Edinburgh, of the 52nd Battery, Royal Field Artillery

Private Levy himself – first name revealed as Isaac – who is reported as having been from Rounday Road, in Leeds.

Alfred Springer, Motor Transport, Army Service Corps.

There are no records for these three men in the database of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and they are not mentioned as fatalities in the British Jewry Book of Honour, so it appears that fortunately, they survived the war.

In its discussion of Jews serving in the military, the article alludes to the fact that Private Levy was, “…not the only Jew in the “Munsters”. The Irish lads have two other Hebrew comrades, who bear, however, the unlikely names of Sergeant Jacks and Private Gallagher. Strange, but true.” This topic – the enlistment of some Jewish soldiers under ostensibly non-stereotypically “Jewish-sounding”-names – would be addressed by both The Jewish Chronicle and the American Jewish Exponent, and other Jewish newspapers and periodicals, in editorials, commentaries, and articles, through the remainder of the War.

And, after.

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JEWISH WOUNDED IN THE LONDON HOSPITAL
PERSONAL NARRATIVE

The Jewish Chronicle
September 11, 1914

The Chief Rabbi, accompanied by the Rev. S. Levy, the Visiting Minister, paid a visit on Monday to the wounded soldiers in the London Hospital, and talked with several of the men on their experiences at the front. The Jewish soldiers in particular were very grateful for this mark of attention paid to them. Two Jewish soldiers in the hospital are: –

Victor Freedman, 32, Albion Road, Edinburgh, Gunner, 52nd Battery, R.F.A. Bullet wound in right arm; wounded between Cambrai and Le Cateau; going to convalesce at Lord Lucas, Luton, Bedford. Anxious to go back to the front after convalescence instead of being kept for home defence.

Isaac Levy, 9, Badminton Street, Roundhay Road, Leeds, Private, Royal Munster Fusiliers. Invalided, Mons.

The Chief Rabbi paid a further visit to the London Hospital on Tuesday, and together with the Rev. S. Levy conducted an Intercession Service in each of the Hebrew Wards.

A number of Jewish soldiers, writes a representative of the JEWISH CHRONICLE, are known to have been in the London Hospital with the rest of the invalided troops who are being cared for in that wonderful institution. One of them was Gunner Freedman, of the 52nd Battery, R.F.A., who got a bullet in his arm in the fighting between Cambrai and Le Cateau. He is now convalescing at Luton, Beds. Another is Alfred Springer, Motor Transport A.S.C., who was injured whilst engaged in capturing a motor lorry from the enemy at Cambrai. A third is Isaac Levy, of the Royal Munster Fusiliers. Levy, too, is recuperating well. He was taken ill one evening it seems, but continued marching with his regiment – that interminable round of marching, tempered with fighting, which brought the Allies to the environs of Paris, but has now, thank goodness, begun in the opposite direction. Levy marched about six miles, but his condition grew worse, and he lay down in the road until a hospital wagon picked him up. It was five and a half hours before this happened. But that is only a very little incident in an heroic campaign. The medical description of the illness is “gastritis,” or, as the soldier put it to a JEWISH CHRONICLE representative, “I was nearly poisoned.”

Private Levy, whose progress as an athlete made him one of the favourites of the regiment, is not the only Jew in the “Munsters”. The Irish lads have two other Hebrew comrades, who bear, however, the unlikely names of Sergeant Jacks and Private Gallagher. Strange, but true.

Private Levy left them at the front, “hearty and well.” Indeed, it was Sergt. Jacks, an old chum, who originally put it into Levy’s head to enlist, 10 ½ years ago. Levy was over in Ireland, and as three years in the Army seemed to him a bit of a holiday and the prospects of seeing foreign lands counted for something, the Jew joined the Irishmen. He has been to Gibraltar and India, and 6 ½ years ago he returned to civil life and tailoring at Leeds. Then, as a reservist, he was called back to the colours, was taken by steamer to Havre, and thence to Mons, where he was soon in action.

“It started on the Sunday morning,” he told our representative, “and it lasted on and off till the following Wednesday morning. Food was rather scares and so was sleep, for we only slept about two hours a night.”

Did you come across any Jewish soldiers in the other British regiments?

“We had not time to see anybody. It was all fighting and marching. The marching was tremendous. We did fifteen miles some days; another day we would do twenty-five.

“I was right up at the firing line; and though I did not get home with the bayonet, I managed to pop off a good many Germans with the rifle. You could not help it, they came in clusters.

“At one time our regiment was cut off, and Germans came down on us very quickly, but we made a fight of it. A battery of artillery was surrounded by the enemy. The horses were killed and the men all accounted for, barring about three or four. Our boys wanted to take the guns with us and would not leave them at the mercy of the Germans. So we dragged them ourselves to a place of safety. It took several hours. It was a drag, about ten miles, I should think.

“At one time an officer of Hussars joined us in the firing line. He was next to me. He had his arm shattered by a German shell, so I and two others picked him up, put him on a stray horse, and took him to a hospital wagon. We afterwards heard that he had been sent home.”

Private Levy did not witness any atrocities, but he says that he was told of them by the women and children in every town he came to. The German infantry he dismisses contemptuously as “absolutely tommy-rot – no good at all.” But the artillery he describes as good, adding, after a moment, “well, there’s so many of them.” As for the German cavalry, they are “not up to striking pitch – not so clever as ours.”

Like every other man back from the Front, Private Levy is confident that the German troops object very strongly to cold steel. When they see it, they “rush about the field like wild maniacs, and hold up their hands.”

The Munsters seem to have suffered extremely severely, according to Private Levy’s account. The roll-call, he says, showed that out of 1,116 men, only 240 were left; while of 33 officers 19 were wounded and missing – all in 4 days fighting.

However, the spirit of the British troops are as buoyant as ever.

“I dare say we’ll have to go back and fight,” said Private Levy. “We’ll have another go before it is over. But,” he added, folding his arms, and with a look of absolute certainty on his face, “they can’t stand long. We have started driving them back. One big fight and we’ll finish it. Well, it might go on till Christmas – but that’s the longest. Everybody thinks so, officers and all. The Germans are a body of tired and hungry men, and only too pleased to get captured” – with which cheery assurance our representative took farewell of the soldier.

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “Freedom for the Russian Jew”, September 11, 1914

From the commencement of World War One, continuing until the cessation of Imperial Russia’s military involvement in the conflict, the Chronicle regularly carried news reports covering the military participation of Jewish soldiers in the Russian Army, military awards received by Russian Jewish soldiers, participation of and support by Russian Jewry for Russia’s military, and especially – to a very great degree – the full spectrum of political and social developments affecting the condition of the Jews of Russia.

An example follows below:

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FREEDOM FOR THE RUSSIAN JEW
TO SERVE AS OFFICERS
BAN REMOVED.
REWARD OF BRAVERY.

The Jewish Chronicle
September 11, 1914

The Special Correspondent of the Standard at Petrograd telegraphs as follows, under date of September 5th: –

Jews will in future be admitted as officers of the Russian Army and Navy.

The announcement of this important change in the position of the Jews in the Russian Empire is made on official authority, and has been well received in all quarters.

Up to the present no Jew has ever been allowed to be a military or naval officer. The decision to admit them to the highest ranks of both services is officially stated to be due to the gallantry which Jews serving as common soldiers have displayed in the battles already fought.

An Imperial decree has enabled the Russian Commander-in-Chief to confer officers’ commissions on several hundred Jews who gained exceptional distinction in the fighting that preceded the capture of Lemberg.

I am authorised to state that the admission of Jews as officers of the Army and Navy will be followed in due course by the removal of civil law restrictions on members of the Hebrew community. The Pale will be swept away, and Jews will be admitted to full rights of Russian citizenship.

Those Russian newspapers which were formerly advocates of a relentless anti-Semitism not only refrain from raising any objectives to this startling innovation, but express their approval in the warmest terms.

I find the same feeling prevails in those circles of Russian society in which it was formerly almost a breach of etiquette even to mention the name of a Jew. The war has swept away this particular remnant of medieval barbarism, and has inaugurated a new era for the Jews of Russia.

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[FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.] PETROGRAD

The Jewish volunteer Katz has gained much fame in a battle in East Prussia. The Commander of the Army not only personal handed over to him the Order of St. George for bravery, but also presented him to the rank of sub-Lieutenant.

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Those news items covering the participation of Russian Jewish soldiers – the first example of which, for the “volunteer Katz,” appears above – typically list the soldiers’ surnames, and the military awards they received. I believe that the surnames published in such articles were themselves derived (and translated) from lists issued by the Russian government, or, appearing in Russian newspapers.

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – The First Report: “A Cyclist Soldier’s Heroism”, September 11, 1914 (Cyclist Maurice Davis)

The following news item marks the first of many accounts carried by The Jewish Chronicle covering the participation and experiences of individual soldiers, over the course of the First World War.

The accompanying photograph was published in The Jewish World on September 16, 1914, and is one of several hundred such images – of highly varying size and quality – that appeared in that publication during the course of the conflict, the publication of such portraits in the World generally coinciding with their appearance in the Chronicle. The very few photographs that appeared in the Chronicle during this era were typically of scholars, academics, majority military figures, or statesmen, and accompanied biographical sketches, or, in-depth interviews. Photographs in the World had a much more “common” touch, showing servicemen of all ranks, and, all branches of the military.

Based on a review of the British Jewry Book of Honour, issues of The Jewish Chronicle published between 1914 and 1919, and, the CWGC database, it seems that Cyclist Davis did, fortunately, survive the war.

However, there is a possibility that he was wounded after the incident reported below.

In Casualty Lists published in the Chronicle on July 2, October 15, and November 26 of 1915, notices were carried respectively about a “Private Morris”, “Rifleman M.”, and “Private M.” – Harris – in each case of the 17th, London Regiment – having been wounded in action. Perhaps one or more of these three persons was actually Cyclist Davis? In any event, typical of “wounded in action” announcements for The First World War – unlike those published in the Chronicle during World War Two – the soldier’s next-of-kin and place of residence are not listed, so ambiguity remains.

The transcribed article follows…

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A Cyclist Soldier’s Heroism
The Jewish Chronicle
September 11, 1914

Cyclist Maurice Davis, 17th Company of London, G. Company, has been commended for the heroism he displayed at a serious conflagration that broke out the other day in St. Albans, where he was stationed with his regiment. Obeying the order to save the petrol from the fire, Cyclist Davis entered and left the burning building on several occasions, and eventually was rendered unconscious, having sustained severe burns. He is now receiving treatment at the King’s College Hospital and is making progress.

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “The War – An Honour Record…”, September 4, 1914

Shortly after the commencement of hostilities between the Allies and Central Powers, The Jewish Chronicle implemented a policy of compiling and publishing lists of the names of Commonwealth Jewish servicemen engaged in military duty.

The Chronicle indeed implemented this policy – at least in the early part of the war – but due to the unanticipated severity and duration of the conflict, the publication of such “nominal” lists of servicemen was eventually overtaken and superseded by straightforward Casualty Lists, and, lists of servicemen receiving military awards. For example, Casualty Lists appearing in mid-July through August of 1916 are enormous, reflective of the appalling casualties incurred by the British armed forces during the Somme Campaign, which commenced on July 1 of that year.

I do not know if the “master” list of servicemen alluded to below was ever, actually, presented to the King and Queen by either The Jewish Chronicle, or, other officials or representatives of British Jewry. However, the impetus to collect and the record names of servicemen eventuated – by 1922 – in the creation and publication of the British Jewry Book of Honour, particularly due to the great efforts of Chaplain to the Forces Reverend Michael Adler.

Akin to British Jewry, post-war memorial and historical compilations of biographical information concerning World War One Jewish war casualties, and Jewish war service, in general, were created in Germany (several such works), Italy, France, Australia and New Zealand. No such work was ever generated for Austro-Hungarian Jewry, though the publication Dr. Bloch’s Oesterreishische Wochenschrift was extremely diligent in regularly collecting and publishing the names of Austro-Hungarian Jewish soldiers.

Astonishingly, no such monograph was created concerning American Jewish WW I military casualties, and general military service, despite the acquisition of information necessary for such a work, let alone the talent and infrastructure needed for its creation and publication. Perhaps what was lacking in American Jewry – through the 1920s, 30s, and 40s (by which time the need had probably become “moot”, having overtaken by another, larger war…) was the impetus – the will – to do so.

As to the reason? Well, that is the subject of conjecture…

Akin to earlier posts, a PDF version of this article is available here.

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THE WAR
AN HONOUR RECORD
TO ALL JEWS WHO ARE SERVING
A TESTIMONY FOR THE KING

The Jewish Chronicle
September 4, 1914

The JEWISH CHRONICLE is desirous of compiling a full list of all Jews in the Empire who are serving during the War.

As soon as a sufficient number of names and addresses reach us, we shall begin the publication of the record and continue it week by week. All names will be placed in alphabetical order, irrespective of rank.

At the end of the War, when the list is completed, the whole of the names will be printed in a separate form on finest art paper, and a bound copy will be submitted to THE KING for His Majesty’s gracious acceptance.

We shall be glad, therefore, if all who are serving the King or any arm of His Majesty’s Forces will forward it to us at once their names and home addresses, with their status, and regiment or ship and mark the envelope (or post card): –

“Honour Record,” –
“JEWISH CHRONICLE,”
2, Finsbury Square
London, E.C.

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “Jews Respond”, August 14, 1914

The prior blog post presented an interview with Reverend Michael Adler, concerning military service by British Jewry on the outbreak of the First World War, which appeared in The Jewish Chronicle of 14 August, 1914.

This post presents the lead editorial that appeared in the same issue of the Chronicle, which in spirit, idealism, and patriotism, is very much a companion piece to the above-mentioned article. This is evident by the quote appearing at the editorial’s end – “England has been all she could be to Jews – Jews will be all they can be to England,” which appeared in the Chronicle on August 7, a few days after Britain’s entry into the war.

As seen in the image below (from the August 19 issue of the Chronicle’s sister publication, The Jewish World), this quote was prominently affixed to the exterior of the Chronicle’s offices by mid-August.

Akin to the interview of Reverend Adler, the editorial is available in PDF format via the link at the end of this post.

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Jews Respond

The Jewish Chronicle

August 14, 1914

The free spirit of determination to resist and overcome the enemies of this country, which has been manifested by all classes throughout the land is no small consolation for the affliction of war that has been cast upon it. The calm, and implacable sentiment which from the highest to the most humble throughout the country has impelled all classes is one of the finest assets of victory that England possesses. That sentiment, that spirit, Jews of all ranks are sharing to the full. All thought except a desire to serve this country has been banished from the minds of our people. The fact that the war is likely to bear, both from the economical and the sentimental standpoint, more heavily upon them than upon any other of the races or peoples that are involved, as must necessarily be the case with a people positioned as are Jews in the world, has not been given a moment’s consideration. The supreme law of loyalty to the country of which Jews are citizens has over-ridden every other impulse. When we find that even the Jews in Russia have declared themselves determined to fight with Russia, for Russia’s cause, side by side with those who have for generations been their bitter persecutors, it is no wonder that the Jews of England have thrown themselves into the duties involved by war upon the English citizen with an ardour and an enthusiasm matched perhaps by other classes in the country, but exceeded by none.

At the call of duty a considerable army of Jews from England have responded. Countless instances of the remarkable sacrifice and self-abnegation involved in this prompt answer are pouring in upon us as we write. Jewish mothers, who of all creatures on God’s earth have a tender heart for their offspring, have urged their sons – the apple of their eye – to go forth and serve for the King and the country. Jewish fathers who had fondly pictured for their sons careers of advancement in commerce or profession have set their lips stiff and bid their sons wrench themselves away from the vocations designed for them, and go help to overcome the enemies of England. In the day of trial, in the stress of battle, these sons of Israel will not be found wanting. The pluck and the spirit of old these Jews have not lost. The rely upon God for His protection, and upon their own strong arm for shielding the country which so nobly had sheltered their people. This spirit is no mere frothy and ebullient martial ardour. England is face to face with a test and a trial such as she has never been put to, and our sons have leapt gladly to the supreme opportunity of doing their share as English citizens.

Not again has the spirit and sentiment of duty at this anxious time animated only those who have hurried to the colors for active service in the field. It has seized the whole community. Everyone, man and woman, is anxious to find some means whereby, if not in the field then at home actively, or at least passively, they may help this country to victory. The energetic loyal co-operation in a hundred ways which Jews are now undertaking can be judged from such records as we are able to provide in another column. These do not by any means constitute all. They are, at most, typical. Yet they are remarkable. For Jews are naturally a peace loving people, to whom war is hateful, to who, the shedding of human blood is detestable, who traditionally and historically have magnified peace as an ideal, who turn day by day in their prayers to the city named of Peace. We Jews are conscious that to day, more than ever, Peace is Jewry’s most faithful ally. But we see this great country gone forth to a war which was forced upon it by a haughty and intolerable systems of militarism. We see this country with a clear conscience and clean hands going forth to do battle for freedom, for freedom from an overbearing Empire of “blood and iron”. We see this country defending with all its vast resources the rights of the smaller nationalities and the existence on earth of the smaller States free from the engulfing greed of the brute force of armaments. In such a cause we feel we have a cause for which to fight. In such a cause we feel we have a cause for which to suffer, and to sacrifice, in such a cause it can be no matter for surprise that to a unit we are responding with a spirit worthy of the highest conceptions of our race. In such an hour it is but natural that we in this country should recollect and be inspired by the thought that, “England has been all she could be to Jews,” and should determine that, “Jews will be all they can be to England.”

The Jewish Chronicle, August 14, 1914: Jews Respond

Soldiers of The Great War: Jewish Military Service in WW I, as Reported in The Jewish Chronicle – “Jews and The War”, August 14, 1914

As part of an effort to learn about Jewish military service in the First World War – “The Great War” as the conflict was known at the time due to its unprecedented, staggering scope and scale – I’ve done extensive research within periodicals published during that era by the Jewish and general press. This effort has been focused upon locating articles and news items covering Jewish military service, military awards received by Jewish servicemen, the experiences of Jewish civilians in various battlefronts (particularly Eastern Europe), casualty lists, and, more.

The periodicals I’ve researched in this endeavor are many and varied. Some can be accessed on the Internet, while others – to the best of my knowledge – have not been digitized, existing only as 35mm microfilm (remember film?!…) thus necessitating visits to the libraries or institutions having such resources in their holdings.

Prominent among the periodicals I’ve researched have been The Jewish Chronicle (London, England), its companion publication The Jewish World, and, The Jewish Exponent (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Both the Chronicle and Exponent are still “going strong” in this year of 2017, over a century after the end of the Great War.

The Chronicle presents an invaluable picture of military service by Jews of the British Empire, presented in the wider context of British Jewry as a whole, set within the even larger scope of news about world Jewry.

The following article – based on an interview with Chaplain Michael Adler – appeared in the August 14 issue of The Jewish Chronicle, ten days after Britain’s entry in the war on August 4. In tone and spirit, the closing and opening paragraphs are reflective of and consistent with the patriotic ardor and enthusiasm permeating much of Europe – among both the Allies and Central powers – at the war’s very beginning. Reverend Adler, who passed away in 1944, was also responsible for the creation of the memorial / commemorative volume British Jewry Book of Honour, in 1922. More information about him can be found at Sarah Hurst’s blog post, A Chaplain in the Trenches.

The article is also available in PDF format via the link at the end of this post.

I hope to present further material relating to the Jewish military experience in WW I from later issues of the Chronicle, and other periodicals, in future posts.

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Jews and the War

INTERVIEW FOR THE JEWISH CHRONICLE

WITH THE CHAPLAIN TO THE JEWISH TROOPS (the Rev. M. ADLER)

The Jewish Chronicle

August 14, 1914

THE Jewish manhood is responding with alacrity and enthusiasm to the call of England. Even the glowing fervor at the time of the Boer War is thrown into eclipse by the ardour that is being shown in these momentous days. There is not a Jew in this country who cannot tell of friends enlisted, of relatives enrolled in one or other of the British legions, of youthful zeal that will not be denied, of love of the Motherland exquisite in its tenderness, boundless in strength, unsurpassed in all the wonderful annals even of British loyalty and British enthusiasm.

These are early times to estimate the true muster of English Jews in this campaign. British born and foreign born, rich and poor, have answered with equal swiftness the summons to the colours. But, if ever the total is ascertained, it will form another unforgettable testimony to the spirit which wise and just government evokes in all the children of the realm.

The Chaplain to the Jewish troops, the Rev. Michael Adler, B.A., who has always thrown himself with enthusiasm into his work, is to-day a sort of human focus for the waves of patriotic eagerness that are sweeping the community, and to him many of the Jews under arms, from Hindustan to Aldershot, look for religious sustenance and moral inspiration. Mr. Adler is himself a captain in the Territorial Force (London and Eastern Command). He was at Deal with the Jewish Lads’ Brigade, and was about to go to the Territorial Camp at Wareham when the present storm broke over Europe. He now holds himself at the disposal of the General Officer commanding, to be attached to any military station where London Territorials are assembled, and will be heading as soon as the latter are at their respective stations – which will be very soon. It is possible that he will have to arrange for deputy chaplains in various parts of the country – probably in Lancashire and Yorkshire to begin with.

Jewish Lads’ Brigade Enlistments

In conversation with a representative of the JEWISH CHRONICLE, Mr. Adler commented on what he described as the very strong feeling of loyalty among English Jews. One pointed illustration of this which he gave is the fact that a number of officers and senior boys of the Jewish Lads brigade volunteered for service immediately on the Brigade returning to town last Tuesday week. Practically all were accepted.

But it is, of course, to the normally constituted forces of the Crown that we have to look for some more adequate representation of the numbers of Jews who are bearing arms in the present crisis, and of the Jewish elements in these. Mr. Adler gave an interesting account.

Jews in the Navy

“There are,” he said, “a dozen Jewish officers in the Navy. In regard to the men, the last official return gave the numbers of the Jews at about fifty. But if you multiply that figure by four or five you will get the more correct number, for I constantly hear of Jews entering themselves as of another creed. One interesting fact about the Navy is that it contains quite a considerable number of Jewish petty officers, including a warrant officer in the Marines. There is a Jewish warrant officer – M.M. Bright – who was originally a pupil of the Jews’ Free School, and was, at one time, in the Jewish Lads’ Brigade. He has been raised to commissioned rank, and it is worth noting that he is one of the ten in the entire Navy recently selected for promotion. He is now probably on active service. One Jewish warrant officer, named Pash, is warrant officer of signals on one of the super-Dreadnoughts. There are a Jewish major and captain of Marines and several Commandants, and others who may be mentioned here are Midshipman Charles Marsden (“St. Vincent”), and Claude Telfer (son of Mr. W.T. Leviansky), and F. Lowy (grandson of the late Dr. A. Lowy), of the Royal Naval Reserve.

“By the way, the medical officer of the Jewish Lads’ Brigade, Dr. L. Mandel, joined the Royal Navy as a doctor the day after the camp broke up.”

Jewish “Regulars”

What about the Jews in the regular army?

“I know of fifty-two Jewish ‘regular’ officers. They include among their number members of the Sassoon, Mocatta, Beddington, Halford, Solomon, Henriques, Sebag Montefiore, Seligman, De Pass, and other well-known Jewish families. Many of them will be in the Expeditionary Force.

“In regard to Jewish non-commissioned officer and men, the last official return dated October, 1913, put the number as 236. This figure, however, should be multiplied by three at least to arrive at the true total.

Jews in the Cavalry

“Since March last a system has been instituted at the military recruiting stations of notifying to the chaplain every professing Jew who enlists, and over fifty names have been sent in to me. In one week alone four Jews joined the 4th Hussars. There has, indeed, been a great tendency on the part of the Jews to enlist in cavalry regiments – a new feature in Jewish enlistment.

“Of course, in addition, a very large number of Jews in the Reserves have now returned to the Colours, but how many it is impossible to say.

Jewish Guardsmen

Do Jews figure to any extent in the Guards regiments?

“Well, there are Sergt. Instructor J.H. Levey of the Scots Guards; Sergt. M.J. Marks, of the 3rd Coldstreams; Sergt. Lewis, in Coldstreams, and Sergt. Rosenberg, of the 2nd Scots Guards, besides a large number of Jewish privates.

“It may truly be said that there is hardly a regiment in the Regular Army in which Jews are not represented, a number of the recruits of recent date having come from Leeds and Manchester.

“Jews are also represented in the Artillery. There are, for instance, Sergt.-Major Shapeere and Quartermaster-Sergt. F.J. Wooley, of the Royal Horse Artillery, to say nothing of a number of privates in that branch, as well as in the Royal Field Artillery and Royal Garrison Artillery. One Jews, a Canadian by birth, is one of the principal gun-layers of his battery.

Rothschilds in the Trenches

“There are seventeen Jewish reserve officers. And in addition I have ten names of Jewish Special Reserve officers. One of these, Lieutenant W. Stanford Samuel, 4th King’s Liverpool Regiment, has already written me to say that he has been ordered to the front. The last official return gave sixty-nine Jewish privates in the Special Reserve. For that too, must be considerably increased to give the true figure.”

There are, of course, many Jews in the Territorial ranks.

“I have the names of ninety-four officers, with ranks ranging from colonel to second lieutenant. Among these are the three sons of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, viz, Mr. Lionel de Rothschild, M.P., Major in the Royal Bucks Yeomanry, and Mr. Evelyn and Mr. Anthony de Rothschild, who are lieutenants in the same regiment. Among other Jewish Territorial officers are Major F. Goldsmith, M.P. (Suffolk Yeomanry), Col. Claude Beddington (Westmoreland Yeomanry), Lieut. Sir Philip Sassoon, M.P. (Royal East Kent Yeomanry), and Mr. Robert M. Sebag-Montefiore, a captain in the last-cited regiment; other Jewish Yeomanry officers are Major H. Weinberg (City of London Yeomanry), and Lieuts. Reginald and Desmond Tuck (3rd City of London Yeomanry). The latter are the sons of Sir Adolph Tuck.

“In the Artillery, there are Col. H.D. Behrend; Major E.G. Heilbron, and a number of other officers; and, in the Engineers, Col. De Lara Cohen, on reserve. Major R.Q. Henriques, and Capts. R.H. Joseph and G.C. Kennard, Col. H.M. Jessel, M.P., is Hon. Commander of the 1st Royal Fusiliers, Major J. Waley Cohen belongs to the 16th Queen’s Westminsters, Major F.D. Samuel to the 3rd Royal Fusiliers, and Major S.S.G. Cohen to the 5th Liverpool Regiment.

Well Known Names

“Among others that may be mentioned are Lieut. Lionel L. Cohen, son of Mr. Leonard Cohen, and Lieut. Leonard G. Montefiore, son of Mr. Claude G. Montefiore. In the 6th Regiment City of London are five Jewish officers – Capts. G.A. Myer, M.H. Schwersee, and E.L. Phillips, Lieut. H.D. Myer, and Second Lieut. J.E. Lowy (grandson of the late Dr. Lowy). In the 4th Royal West Kent Regiment are two sons of the late Sir B.L. Cohen – Capt. Sir Herbert Cohen, Bart., and Capt. A.M. Cohen. In the 7th London Regiment are Capt. C.D. Enoch and Lieut. F.M. Davis (son of Mr. Felix Davis). In the 16th Queen’s Westminsters, besides Major Alfred Waley Cohen, are Capt. J. Henriques, and Lieut. E.G. Waley (son of Mr. Alfred Waley). In the 19th County of London there are four Jewish officers – Capt. Edgar J. Davis, and Lieuts. L.J. Davis, J. de Meza, and J. Lumley Frank.

In the Provinces

“The Provinces are further represented by Lieut. Col. S.L. Mandelberg (Manchester), Capt. J.M. Heilbron (Glasgow), Lieut. J.M. Goldberg (6th Welsh Regiment), Lieut. L.G. Harris (7th West Riding), Lieut. J.B. Brunel Cohen, son-in-law of Sir Stuart Samuel, M.P. (5th Liverpool Regiment), and Capt. N.J. Laski (6th Lancashire Fusiliers).

Jewish “Terriers”

What of the Jewish privates in the Territorial ranks?

“As regards the men, it is impossible to estimate the exact total of Jews. But of London men alone I receive official returns for the last military service of some 400 names, representing practically every unit in the London command. In the 4th Fusiliers there were 36 Jews, and many of the other regiments had long lists. In the country, too, there are a very large number of Jewish Terriers. At the last Territorial camp of the London regiments held on Salisbury plain in August of last year, 90 Jewish officers and men attended parade for service.

“Then there is one specifically Jewish voluntary aid detachment, under the charge of Dr. Myer Dutch, the duty of which is to act as nurses to the Territorial Force.” An appeal, in this connection, appears in another column.

Volunteers

A great many Jews are volunteering for service in the present emergency.

“I have reason to believe that a very large number of Jews have been accepted. I have received a number of communications from coreligionists who are anxious to join, whether as officers or privates. There is also soon to be a great number of Jews in the Colonial contingents.

“In short,” added the Chaplain, in conclusion, “there has been a great outburst of enthusiasm among Jewish young men everywhere.”

It is a tribute to the wisdom of Britain – and the fortitude of a people which, whatever its faults, does not number among them ingratitude to its friends.

The Jewish Chronicle, August 14, 1914: Jews and the War

The Long Way Home: An Australian Jewish POW in World War One – II

This post presents the transcript of the post-escape interview of Private Thomas by R.C. Swaine, which occurred in London on November 28, 1917. The image below is the “first” of the 14 such images comprising the scanned interview transcript:

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The transcription follows below. I have included maps (Google maps, that is) showing the location of places mentioned within the text.

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Thomas, Henry Lamert, Private, No. 2466. 30th Battalion Australian Imperial Forces.

20th July 1916

Fleurbaix.

Wounded slightly in the left leg by shrapnel.

Private Henry Lamert Thomas, of the 30th Australians, No. 2466, states: –

I am 20 years of age.

My home address is at Toronto, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales.

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New South Wales and the southeastern coast of Australia, showing the locations of Sydney and Newcastle.

Newcastle, and the suburb of Toronto, the latter situated near Lake Macquarie.

A closer view of Toronto.

Toronto, in the lower left portion of the map, with Brighton Avenue, where Private Thomas’ home was located at “Te Aroha”.

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Before I joined the army I was employed as a railway clerk with the New South Wales Government Railway.

At the time of my capture I was with a party of four others in a shell hole between the first and second trenches. We were unable to retire, as immediately we were seen in the shell hole we called down machine-gun fire. We decided to stay in the shell hole and try to get back under cover of darkness, but about 5 or 6 o’clock in the morning of the 20th the Germans came out of the trenches and surrounded the shell hole in which we were, and we were forced to surrender.

I had been slightly wounded by shrapnel in first going over the trenches, but the wound was very slight and at the back of the left knee.

I did not previously to my capture witness any case of infraction by the enemy of the laws and usages of war.

I noticed one curious circumstance with regard to the effect that water in a drain, which ran into a shallow trench which may have formed part of the trench system of the Germans, had upon our clothing, and that is, that we having in the course of the attack waded down the drain in which the water was waist high, our clothes, when dry, began to rot and were very easily torn, from which I think it possible that something may have been turned into the water, as I do not think that ordinary water would have had that effect on our clothes.

After being captured I was brought into the German trenches, and with a party of three others taken down a communication trench on to a road, where we joined up with a party of 20 or 30 other men of the 8th Australian Brigade. This party was then marched back to Loos, and from there to Lille, which I think we must have reached about midday.

At Loos our papers were taken from us, including our pay-books, but these were afterwards handed back to us.

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Relative locations of Fleurbaix, Lille, and Villeneuve-d’Ascq.

A closer view of Fleurbaix.

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At Lille the men who had served in any special branch were separated from the others and a couple of men from each battalion were put with them, and they were sent, I believe, to Douai.

The officers also were separated from us at Lille and put in another quarter.

Our money was changed into German money, but beyond these two instances I have nothing much to say of our stay in Lille. The rate of exchange appeared to be about 25 francs for 20 marks, which, I understand, was the rate which the Germans imposed on occupied territory.

We were taken to a building, which, I think, was an old French prisoner, and were kept there for two days, that is, until the evening of Saturday, the 22nd July.

I had not reported that I was wounded, so was not taken to any field dressing station, nor was I detained in hospital in France or Belgium before being sent to Germany.

As soon as we got to the prison, we were served out with some soup – at least, I think they called it soup. I should not like to say what it was made of; I should think it was made of turnips, perhaps. About 6 o’clock that night we had another bowl of soup and half a loaf of bread. The loaf would be rather smaller than the usual English Army loaf. It was a round shape and cut in half. It was the regulation war bread.

We were sent upstairs to a room in which there were some straw mattresses on the floor and on the tables. There were not enough for all the men; some of them were lucky, and got one. I was one of the unlucky ones who did not, but I shared a mattress with other men. We managed this by putting two mattresses together on which two men lay lengthwise, and I slept across their feet. We had no provision whatever made for our comfort at Lille except the straw mattresses in the room. We were given no blankets and no means of washing except the tap in the yard, but there were no buckets or basins which we could use for washing. I was very lucky in having a cake of “Lifeboy’ soap in my pack, which I had received in a parcel from home. I had put this in my pack just before going over the top, and I was very glad to have it with me, as it is impossible to buy soap in Germany.

On the evening of the 22nd we were marched to the Lille railway station. We were put into ordinary goods wagons with wooden benches across the wagon, and the doors were then closed and we were started off on our journey to Dulmen.

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Dulmen, Germany (highlighted), in relation to Munster, Dortmund, and Essen.

A closer view of Dulmen in relation to Munster.

Dulmen.

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No special ration was served for the journey. We had had while in prison the usual half load of bread each day, bowl of coffee (substitute) in the morning and another in the evening, and the same old soup.

We reached Dulmen at 6 o’clock on Monday morning, having, therefore, been 36 hours in the train.

The only food which we had on the journey was one ladleful each of thick barley soup and one cup of coffee per man. As far as I remember, we got the soup on the German frontier. Those who had any bread left brought it with them on the journey. I myself was unwell and unable to eat my bread, which I gave to another man.

There was no provision whatever for lavatory accommodation in the wagons. During the daytime, at halts on the line and in sidings, we were given the option of leaving the wagons, but at night-time we were not allowed to do so. I was suffering from an attack of diarrhea at the time, and at night was considerably inconvenienced by the lack of accommodation, but I do not think that any of the other men were suffering in this way. At night the wagon was locked and there were no guards in it, so we were unable to ask them to make any provision for us.

There was a lamp in each wagon with a sort of wax light in it, which we managed to light. We were left to ourselves until about midday on Sunday, the 23rd, when two armed military guards were put into our wagon. The door of the wagon was then slid open and the bar laid across the opening, and we were able to get some fresh air. We had had various stops at stations and sidings and were allowed to get out of the trucks. The military guard did not interfere with us in any way. They allowed us to smoke. There were no wounded men in our party; they had been sent to hospitals, and I saw nothing of the German Red Cross on the journey.

I arrived at Dulmen on the 24th July and remained there until the 4th September 1916.

I cannot say how many prisoners there were at Dulmen. The number was continually changing. New prisoners would come in and others were sent out with working parties.

Dulmen is a big camp. There are three lagers. I was in No. 3. There were other nationalities in No. 3 lager, including British Colonial troops, French and Russians.

I was never in the hospital at this camp. When I first got to the camp I reported “sick,” but I did not mention my wound. The doctor saw me and gave me some medicine and told me not to eat too much. I looked at him and was absolutely speechless and could not say a word. He did not appear to intend his advice to be taken as a joke. About a couple of days after I reached the camp I was all right again.

I do not know the names of the commandant or the second in command at the camp, nor those of the officers commanding the separate lagers.

The chief complaint which the prisoners had to make against officers in command of this camp was that we did not receive sufficient food. I do not know what was the cause of this nor who was responsible for it.

At Dulman we had warm shower-baths on arrival and our clothes were fumigated. Somehow or other (I do not know how) I managed to pick up some vermin, and on reporting this my clothes were again fumigated and I had a warm shower-bath.

We were also picked out by companies and sent about once a fortnight to have a warm shower-bath.

Dulmen is in a moorland district, with sandy soil and no vegetation except heather. Just beyond the camp the ground is swampy, but where the camp is situated it is dry.

We were lodged in wooden huts. I believe I am right in saying that these have double walls of wood, with wooden roofs and tarred paper on them, and wooden floors raised about a food off the ground, the huts being built on wooden piles, so that there was an air space under the flooring. Each hut, being a large one, was divided into two divisions called “A” and “B”. In one corner of each division of the hut was a small room, called the “N.C.O.’s Room,” which held eight men. The other divisions held 54 oR 64 men each.

Our beds were of cocoanut matting suspended on a frame like hammocks. They were made of a sort of wool. We were also served with a pillow and a towel to each man and a bowl and spoon for our meals.

Each division of the hut had a large stove in the centre. There was a washhouse at the end of each block of huts, with a trough with taps over. The sanitary arrangements were good.

I do not know what was done in No. 2 Camp, but in No. 1 the prisoners were employed in construction work in connection with the camp, and with ordinary camp fatigues. In No. 3 Camp we used to be sent out about once a fortnight on camp fatigues. We did not receive any pay for this work. There was some mention of the men in No. 1 being paid 30 pfennigs a day, but I do not know whether this was a fact.

I was not asked to make munitions nor, so far as I know, were any of the prisoners.

We had a bread issue every day, about 4 p.m., of a tenth of a loaf. This would be the ordinary camp loaf, which was a rather big one, but I do not know the weight of it. The loaves issued in both Dulmen and Munster camps are of the same size. In the morning, at six o’clock, about twice a week, we received what we used to call “sandstorm” because it was like the fine dust of the Egyptian Desert. I believe that this was really bone dust. We came to the conclusion that it must be this. This was made into a sort of soup. It was like a very thin porridge. We got the usual old ladleful of this stuff. Alternate days we had a ladleful of coffee or cocoa substitute. When we had the bone dust we did not get either coffee or cocoa. I really do not know what this stuff was unless it was bone dust. It was not made of oatmeal or anything like it, but we thought it was a terrible mixture. It had no smell and very little taste. Dinner was served at 1 p.m. This consisted chiefly of cabbage and water, or turnips and water, or mangolds and water. It may have been hot when it was served out, but when we got it it was just warm.

Towards the end of August we occasionally got some potatoes. Until then we had none. The only trace we saw of potatoes up till then were pealings at the bottom of the soup. At the end of August, just before we left the camp, potatoes were served out boiled in their jackets, four or six per man.

We made several complaints about the condition of the food, that there was not enough of it and that it was of bad quality, but only on one occasion was any notice taken of this, when sometime in August we got an additional ration of a dixey of soup, half full, for 250 men. This would not have been sufficient to give any appreciable quantity to each of the 250 men, so we drew lots for it and out hut (8B) were the winners, so that we had enough for a ladleful per man.

At one time the men in No. 1 Camp, who were older prisoners receiving parcels and getting better soup, used to bring us over a half dixey of soup which they did not want themselves, but after this had gone on for about two weeks it was stopped. This incident makes me think that it was not entirely due to shortage of food in Germany that we were kept on such short rations.

The men in No 1 Camp were given much better food than we were.

At six o’clock we had another meal. Generally this was a soup with barley or rye. Occasionally we had a tinned black pudding. This was in a tin about the size of a 2-lb. preserved fruit tin, and one tin was served out to ten men. When we got the black pudding we used to have a ladleful of so-called “tea” served out to us. I have been in Ceylon, and know what tea is there, and I do not think that the tea came from Ceylon. It may have been the same stuff as we were able to buy afterwards, and which the Germans called “Cumberland Tea”. It is like a tea leaf, and dry, but much bigger, and would break if held in the fingers. It is a leaf of some sort, but I do not think a tea leaf. Every Friday night we had one fish each – raw. It may have been herring, but I do not think it was. This was salted. We had no means of cooking them in the guts, and if we wanted to eat them we had to have them raw. If we had no opportunity of cooking them over wood fires which we were able to make when we were on fatigue, or of smoking them, then we used to eat them raw. We occasionally got cheese. It was funny sort of stuff, with caraway seeds in it. It was soft and crumbly, and we dug it out with a spoon. Its taste was that of a very strange cheese not in the best of condition, but the caraway seeds helped us to eat it.

Each Sunday and Wednesday morning we received a dessertspoonful of jam each. It had a queer taste, and I thought it was like bad tomato. We had no sugar, no butter, no milk, and no fruit except that we sometimes had dried fruit in the soup.

What I have said about the food might make it appear that there was plenty of it and some variety, but it was really starvation rations, and it was a common thing for men to faint on parade from general weakness, and on getting out of bed in the morning we often had a faint dizzy feeling.

I cannot say whether I myself actually lost weight (although I became very weak), as I had no opportunity of weighing myself, but I saw men who came into the camp strong and healthy-looking fading away and getting as weak as kittens.

There was a canteen in Camps Nos. 1 and 3; in fact, there were three canteens in No. 3, which was a much bigger camp than the others. I do not know whether or not there was one in No. 2. We were able to get tins of sardines, “Queen Alexandra” brand, from Norway, price 1 mark per tin. These tins held about 16 very small sardines, and they also sold them in half sizes holding eight sardines. These cost 60 pfennigs. We could also buy what they called “honey” and jam. That was all that we could buy in the food line. Honey was put in cardboard boxes and was sold for 50 pfennigs for about half a pint. The jam was the same as we had served with our rations. Very small glass jars of this cost about 40 pfennigs. We could also get cups of coffee at 10 pfennigs. We were also able to get razors, knives, pencils, writing-paper, scissors, note-books, cigarettes (a packet of 10 for 20 pfennigs and a packet of 20 (J.O.B. brand) for 40 pfennigs. We were able to buy playing cards, the German pack, in which there are no cards below the seven.

I had no parcels during the time that I was at Dulmen. I do not know in what state parcels received there by other men arrived.

At Dulmen I was wearing my tunic, which was in good condition; my breeches, which were much torn at the knees; my puttees, which were in fair condition; and military boots. I had no overcoat, and the only article of my equipment which I was able to keep was my water bottle. Our tin helmets were taken from us at Dulmen and we were served out with prisoners of war caps – a sort of forage cap. We did not get these caps, however, until nearly a month after we came to Dulmen, and as our helmets had been taken from us we had to go about bareheaded. The German excuse was that they did not have these caps. We were promised them as soon as the supply came in. As we were Australians and had just come over from Egypt, this did not trouble us much. The only clothing besides the caps which the Germans served out to us was a flannelette shirt each. We asked for underpants and singlets, but again they told us that they had none in stock. We received no overcoats.

The only facility we had for exercise in this camp was walking about the camp. There were no outdoor games of any sort. The only indoor amusement was playing cards and draughts on a board which we made ourselves, using squares of cardboard to represent the draughtsmen. Smoking was allowed both in and out of the huts, and it was not stopped while I was in the camp.

There was no epidemic while I was in the camp.

I was never in the camp hospital.

In Lager I a religious service was held every Sunday. I do not know what form the service took as I was never at it. We were only given an opportunity of attending on one occasion, and then we did not wish to go. I believe it was conducted by a Frenchman, but I do not know much about it.

I got neither letters nor parcels at Dulmen. The system of issuing parcels seemed to me to be a good one. The parcels were brought from the railway station to the parcels office and a list was made of the names of men to whom they were addressed. Each parcel was numbered and a ticket was made out and a duplicate of this given to the man to whom the parcel had been sent. He then went to the counter in the parcels office, presented his ticket and his identification ticket containing his name, regiment, number, &c. If this tallied with the address as given on the parcel, he was handed over the parcel. The parcel was then opened on the counter in the presence of the man to whom it had been sent. I do not know anything about letters, but can only speak as to the parcels. Onions were not allowed and were taken out of the parcels. Lemonade powders were taken out and sent to the hospitals, or, at all events, it was said they were sent to the hospitals. Paper was not allowed, nor were newspapers. I do not know about books.

There was a library in No. 1 Camp, but whether this had been formed out of books sent in parcels or whether the books had been sent out in bulk, I do not know.

We were allowed to write one postcard per week and two letters per month. We were not allowed to write to any relief committee asking for parcels. On the Sunday after we got to Dulmen, that is, on the 30th July, some of us wrote to the Red Cross asking that parcels might be sent out to us, and letting them know that we were in the camp. To the best of my belief these postcards got through. On the following Sunday, the 6th August, the men wrote to various organisations asking for parcels, but the postcards were returned to us with a polite notification that we were not allowed to write to any relief committee asking for parcels to be sent to us.

Apart from the question of food I have no serious complaints to make of our treatment at Dulmen. It was very hard for us, however, to get to No. 1 Camp, where the English prisoners had food.

I do not know of any case of cruelty in this camp. I heard rumours of ill-treatment, but saw no instances of it, and I do not know how far, if at all, the rumours were well founded so far as No. 3 Lager was concerned. We were simply brought to the camp and left to our own devices.

There was a difference in the treatment of nationalities. In the first place, a Russian was worse treated than those of any nationality. If an Englishman was convicted of an offence he always received a heavier punishment than a Frenchman. It is a well-known fact that in the camps the Frenchmen received the best jobs. The poor Russians were worse off than the others. They get practically no food from outside sources, which gives the Germans an ascendancy over them. It is a serious matter for a Russian to get 14 days’ cells on bread and water, because, having had no parcels and having been living entirely on the German rations, he has not the same strength to stand this punishment as an Englishman.

Regulations were posted stating what we might not do in the camp. I do not know that there was anything to inform us what we might do! There was a list of offences headed “Martial Law” in German, French, Russian and English. Nearly everything on the list was said to be punishable by death. I do not know that attempting to escape appeared on it. It stated in these regulations what was meant by our “superiors”. They were officers, N.C.O.s and men of the German army appointed as our guard, and other men appointed by the Germans in charge of the prisoners. Some of the regulations were to the effect that if you laid hands on a superior it was punishable with death. One of the regulations is that you are bound under penalties to report any conspiracy against the superior. There was also a punishment for taking part in the conspiracy. We treated these regulations as more or less of a joke, as they dealt with matters which occurred every day in Germany. As a matter of fact, I have seen acts of violence committed on sentries which were not punishable by death, and I know, of course, that men are assisted to escape and there has been no punishment for conspiracy. The sentence in Germany depends upon the man who tries your case, except for escape, for which the usual penalty is 14 days; but although the punishment for the actual escape is 14 days’ imprisonment, they always manage to add on another seven days for some such offence as removing marks from the uniform, cutting the wires, or being in possession of a map of the country or a compass.

The principal punishment was confinement on bread and water. I did not see any other punishment administered, except what we called “sticky” or “stilly-stand,” which consisted in keeping a man or body of men, sometimes as many as a whole company, standing to attention for a period which might be some hours in length. This punishment might be administered for men being late on parade, absenting themselves from parade, or failing to salute an officer. The principal cause of this punishment being administered was failure to salute the German sergeant-major (Feldwebel), who used to walk about up and down the lines expecting to be saluted, and as the English declined to do so there was always trouble for them.

Neither the American Ambassador nor any representative of his visited us at Dulmen.

I noticed no improvement while at Dulmen in the treatment of prisoners.

The huts and accommodation and the sanitary arrangements at Dulmen are considered very good for Germany. They would be thought fair in England. The huts were watertight, and the system was that of separate huts, and not, as in Munster, rows of buildings surrounding a square.

On the 4th September 1916 a party of 30 prisoners, al Britishers, was sent to Erkrath, a small village about 4 kilometers from Dusseldorf. We went in ordinary 3rd-class corridor carriages, with an armed guard in the corridor. We left Dulmen at 9 a.m. and reached Erkrath at 6 o’clock in the evening. We had no food with us on the journey except part of our bread ration from the night before, and on arriving at Dusseldorf we asked the guard to let us have some food. He lined us up on the platform and came down with a bucket, which we naturally thought contained food, but we afterwards found it was filled with water. We had no trouble with civilians either on this or on any other journey which I made. They came round out of curiosity to look at us, but did not interfere with or harm us in any way and showed no hostility to us. On arrival at Erkrath we were taken to the working barracks, which was a small brick building built especially for us. It was one storey high, with a wooden rook and tarred paper over it. This was the best accommodation I saw in Germany for war prisoners. It had a wooden floor, and was heated by a stove in the middle of the room burning coke, and was lit by electricity. It was well built, and not at all draughty or damp. There was a washhouse and good lavatory accommodation, but no bath.

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Erkrath, Germany, in relation to Dusseldorf and Wuppertal.

Erkrath and Dusseldorf

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We had iron bedsteads in two tiers, with straw mattresses on iron laths. We had one sheet and two blankets, a pillow and pillowcases. The beds were very comfortable.

We were employed at Erkrath in what is known as a Chamotte Fabrik. This was a factory for the manufacture of chamotte, which is a mixture of clay, sand, graphite, firebrick and other substances. The process was that the materials were ground in different machines, mixed in the proper proportions and wheeled on barrows to railway trucks. The stuff when loaded was watered to make it moist and prevent it shaking out of the wagons. The factory was alongside the railway line. Our pay for this was 97 pfennigs per day. I do not know the reason why we received this precise amount, but heard someone say there is a regulation which makes it necessary to pay a broken mark only to prisoners. The prisoners at this factory were attached to the Munster Camp, to which I had been transferred, and I understand that this is one of the regulations of that camp. I believe that the chamotte is used in making mouldings for ironwork. We were not required to do any other work there. We worked from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., with an hour for dinner and two quarter-hours for coffee during the day. The food at Erkrath was good. We were supplied with food by the factory proprietor, one named Frederick or Fritz Lungen. About 6.30 in the morning we were supplied with maize mail with dried figs in it and a slice of bread. At 9 a.m. we were given three slices of bread made into sandwiches with cheese, sausage, bacon or brawn, and coffee. For dinner at 12 noon we had generally vegetables, sausage, or cut-up meat. At 4 o’clock we got two slices of bread made into a sandwich with jam between. This was better than the jam which we had had at Dulmen. About 7.30 p.m. we had a wash, and were provided with tea, which consisted of potatoes, salad, or sometimes fish and potatoes and sometimes very thick maize meal, with occasionally a little stewed apple. We had sugar sprinkled on this. Previous to our going to work art this factory a commando of Frenchmen were sent, but refused to work there. I don’t know why they refused to work, but I have heard that they did not like the look of the factory. They were then sent back to Munster, and we were sent to Erkrath in their place. As far as I can judge, the reason why we had such good food was to keep us in good health and fit for hard work.

We had a canteen at Erkrath where we could buy cigarettes, tobacco, pipes, knives, apples (when we first arrived, but supplies of these soon stopped), brushes, combs, looking-glasses, &c. If we required any other articles such as cigarette lighters, scissors, books such as German grammar books or German dictionaries, we got the sentries to purchase them for us, and this had to be unbeknown to the officials. The prices of the various articles were reasonable, and there seemed to be a good supply. The cigarettes and tobacco were very poor.

We received letters and parcels while I was at Erkrath. The first parcel which I received came about three weeks after I had arrived there. This was the first parcel I had received at all since I was taken prisoner.

The food from England and abroad arrived in very good condition, with the exception of the bread from Switzerland, which at that time was sometimes mouldy. The food which we had from England was practically all tinned stuff, with the exception of such articles as packets of “Quaker” oats, tea and cocoa, and sugar.

At Erkrath we were supplied by the Germans with a greatcoat and two pairs of underpants, and overalls for working in. We also had boots issued to us. These were leather boots with wooden soles, but when the winter set in and it was too cold for leather boots we had wooden clogs served out to us. We were ordered to hand in our leather boots about the end of December 1916 or the beginning of January this year, and we were told that they were to be exchanged for winter boots. When the winter boots were issued to us we found that they were simply wooden clogs. In that part the wooden clog is the best thing to wear in the winter, as it is very much warmer than the leather boot. I think, therefore, it is quite possible that the reason for exchanging the boots for clogs was the real reason.

We had no opportunities of exercise while on this working party, but on Sundays we were allowed to walk round a very small yard round the barracks. On two occasions the whole of the prisoners went for a three or four hours’ march, accompanied by the guard.

Indoors we played cards and draughts. I had a pack of cards sent to me in a parcel, and one of the sentries got us in some draughtsmen. We were supplied with no games by the Germans officially. We were allowed to smoke both indoors and outdoors at the barrack and the factory, and it was never stopped.

There was no epidemic at this camp while I was there.

There was no hospital attached to this camp. If a man was ill, he was taken to the hospital at Dusseldorf Bilk. Private Holmes, of the 56th Battalion A.I.F., who escaped with me from Duisberg-Meidrich, was taken ill with pleurisy. The German doctor, whose name I do not know, saw him, and under his orders he was bandaged by the Gefreiter (corporal) and put to bed. This was on Monday, I think. He became very weak and had to be helped about, leaning on my shoulder. Later on he could not move about at all. He was in this state for three or four days. I spoke several times to the Gefreiter about it, and begged him to send for the doctor to attend to Holmes, but nothing was done until about the Wednesday or Thursday, when the doctor came and saw him, and he was at once removed in a motor car to Dusseldorf Bilk, where he was in such a state that he had to be operated upon immediately without chloroform. I consider that this would have been saved if the doctor had attended to him at once when I asked the Gefreiter to send for him. This happened about three weeks after we had reached the camp, and Holmes remained in hospital until January. I do not know the name of this doctor. He was a civilian, rather an elderly man, and had lost part of one ear – I cannot remember which. This doctor was the same man as I shall remember later on with regard to the incidence of a man cutting his throat at Erkrath. When there I knew his name, but I cannot now remember it.

The Roman Catholics among our party were allowed to attend the Roman Catholic church in the village, but the others of us who were not of that religion had no religious service whatever. We should have been allowed to attend the Catholic services had we wished.

After we first received letters and parcels at Erkrath they came regularly. The sentry was supposed to open our parcels in our presence, but the arrangements were very slack and sometimes we opened them ourselves. Letters had been opened at Munster and were delivered to us open. Nothing was taken out of the parcels. I do not know what was supposed to be prohibited. We were not told anything as to this. On one occasion the whole lot of us opened our parcels and took the contents away before the sentry came in and asked us is we would like to have our parcels censored. This sentry was a very nice chap. His name was Toni Haase, and he was a sniper belonging to the 7th/7th of the Landsturm. It was a regulation at Munster that every tin in the parcels should be opened in the presence of the man to whom it had been sent, but our sentry did not trouble about this. The empty tins were piled in a corner of the yard. They were just left there, and were still there when I left.

The same regulations as at Dulmen applied to the writing of letters.

I have no complaint to make of our general treatment at Erkrath so far as the German authorities are concerned.

We were under a guard consisting of the Gefreiter, whose name was Kollok, but he was afterwards replaced by another two sentries, Haase and Heyder, also of the 7th/7th Landsturm, and they treated us very well. There was no cruelty whatever to any of us.

The work upon which we were engaged was, however, very unhealthy. The clay-crushing machine gave out a lot of dust, and we believed that this was the cause of Holmes’ illness. The sieve also gave out a great deal of dust, as did also the brick-crushing machine, and I believe that this work was bad for the lungs.

We were working in the factory with German civilians and Poles – about 40 or 50 of them in all.

So far as I know, none of the prisoners besides Holmes were affected by the dust, nor do I know of any case where the civilians were made ill from this cause, but, as I said before, I consider that the work was unhealthy.

We had the same regulations at Erkrath posted in the barrack as we did at Dulmen, that is to say, the martial-law notice was posted up on the door.

The interpreter was an old soldier, No. 10101, Private James Kiltie, of the 1st Gordon Highlanders. He was himself a prisoner of war.

While I was there no punishments were awarded.

We used to be visited by the commandant of Munster, and a cavalry captain (Rittmeister) came once a month. We complained on one occasion to the Rittmeister that there were no baths in the barrack, and he said he would attend to it, but nothing was done. We had no visits from the American Ambassador or the representative of any Neutral Power while at Erkrath.

While at Erkrath one of the men became insane and cut his throat. This was Private Ward, of the Scottish Fusiliers. He complained to the civilian doctor whom I have mentioned before of pains in the head, but the doctor simply told him to go to work. The next day he cut his throat with a razor and wounded himself very badly. He was taken to the hospital at Dusseldorf Bilk. He was at Dusseldorf for some time, and then was returned to us as having been cured, he we could see that he was not right in the head, and we complained to the Gefreiter about him. He was then removed and sent to Munster, and we heard afterwards that he had been sent away from Munster. We did not know where, but believe that they have a special asylum camp for prisoners of war, but I do not know whether this is so. I do not suggest that this prisoner became insane on account of his confinement, as I believe that insanity is in the family.

Our treatment throughout the time that we were at Erkrath remained the same. There was no improvement, but, on the other hand, things did not become worse.

Our food towards the end of the time was not quite so good as at first, but this was due, no doubt, to the winter shortage.

I left Erkrath about the 10th February this year.

____________________

Munster, in relation to Dortmund, Dusseldorf, Essen, and Wuppertal.

____________________

I went alone with one sentry to the prisoners’ camp at Munster, known as Munster I. We went by train in an ordinary carriage, and the sentry treated me quite well on the way and even carried my kit for me.

The reason I was sent away was that it was thought I had not been working well. I had determined not to do so, and had behaved in such a way as to be brought before the doctor frequently and the Fabrik Meister. I told them that my heart was weak and I could not work properly, and as the result I was one day dismissed and told that I was being sent back to Munster.

I have no great opinion of the abilities of the German doctor. One of our men who had never smoked until he got to Erkrath, and then had only smoked about one packet of German cigarettes, was told by the doctor that he was suffering from “smoker’s heart”. On another occasion I was ordered to wheel a large barrow full of white clay. As I did not much fancy the job, I went up to the Fabrik Meister and told him I had hurt my shoulder. The doctor said that I had dislocated it, and I was excused work, and as the result of this I was never put to the work of wheeling a big barrow again.

I left Erkrath about 1 o’clock in the afternoon and reached Munster about 10 o’clock at night. I had no food except two pieces of bread which were given me at Erkrath before I left.

Munster I. Camp is in Westphalia, and I was there from February 1917 until 4th April 1917. The camp is on clay soil and is very muddy. The camp buildings are built around the square, and there is no view from them of the surrounding country, but we could just see the sky. I believe it has now been burnt down. It was a big camp containing a large number of prisoners, the number varying from time to time, and I cannot give an idea of how many there were on an average.

I do not know the name of either the commandant or the second in command. I know nothing about them, and I steered clear of them. I never heard any comments passed on them by the prisoners.

The camp buildings formed one continuous building right around the square. They were built of wood with double walls, and were one storey high with wooden roofs and tarred paper over the top. They were raised above the ground.

The natural lighting of these buildings was very bad. The windows faced inwards to the square, and in some parts of the buildings it was so dark that you could hardly see your way about. The artificial lighting was electric light, but this was insufficient. There were two lights to each hut, and each hut contained about 100 men.

We slept on beds consisting of a wooden frame with cocoanut matting on the top and suspended from the two ends of the frames. On this we had a straw mattress, and I helped myself to one dozen blankets. I went with another man to draw blankets at the magazine, and found that there was no one there, so I helped myself to all that I could carry. These blankets were the same thin kind that we had at Dulmen. I was able to stick to these blankets. I do not remember having a pillow, but I got a towel, bowl and a spoon.

We had two stoves to each hut, burning coal. At that time the stoves were burning day and night, and they kept the place reasonably warm.

The washing facilities were very good. We had a trough with taps, and we were able to go twice a week to a warm shower-bath. I have noticed that the Germans do provide good washing facilities.

The sanitary arrangements at Munster I. were not good. There was only one latrine for the whole camp, which was not sufficient. I do not complain of the actual arrangements, but that they were not adequate.

When I got to Munster I went before the doctor for my heart. He sent me to bed for five days to get it right! At the end of that time I went before him again, and he then marked me A1, which meant that I was fit as I was for hard work. I do not know the name of the doctor, but he was no fool.

After I had been passed as A1 I was employed on ordinary camp fatigues once in five days, for which I received no payment. I do not know of any of the prisoners being employed on any work for which they were paid. No attempt was made to force me to make munitions.

The food was very bad. It did not trouble me, as I was getting parcels, but I saw the mess being served out and I tasted it, and it was the kind of food that, so long as there was anything else to eat in the camp, we would not touch. There were continued grumblings about the food provided for the men who had no parcels.

The parcels from England and abroad arrived in good condition at this camp, including the bread from Switzerland.

We were not supplied with any clothing, as we had the clothing sent out by the Red Cross, and I did not ask for any. I had handed in the clothing supplied to me at Erkrath on leaving there.

At Munster we were given the opportunity of playing football in the camp square. Indoors we had games from the parcels, and we were allowed to smoke indoors and outdoors, and smoking was never stopped except after “lights out”. There was no epidemic while I was at Munster I., nor was I ever in the camp hospital.

We had religious services every Sunday, conducted by a man named Frost, who was in the Durham Light Infantry, and was formerly a schoolmaster. He also conducted the burial services for any man who died. This man (Frost) did everything he could for the prisoners’ comfort, including the running of the Relief Committee, seeing to the parcels, acting as librarian and taking the services; in fact, he was working himself to death looking after the prisoners. He was a private, and was the finest prisoner I met in Germany.

The postal arrangements were that letters came to the camp, were censored, and then handed over to the prisoners. The parcels were opened in the presence of the addressee. Both letters and parcels arrived regularly and in good condition. Parcels were searched for “Black Cat” cigarettes, which were taken out if found. I do not know of anything else being prohibited. Unmarked clothes were taken out and marked with coloured cloth.

The arrangements as to writing were those general as to all the camps.

I have no complaint to make of our general treatment. They left us alone. My own personal method was to avoid having anything to do with the guard, and I found then that there was no trouble, but some men are rather inclined to look for it. I saw no cases of cruelty to British prisoners or those of any other nationality, but we saw men coming in from commandos in a wretched condition. The men to whom I refer were British. I do not know the names of any of them, but I spoke to some of them and they told me that they had had a bad time, and I saw some men there who had been knocked out. I cannot remember any individual cases, but the general impression which I got was that the men had been very badly treated.

There were various nationalities at Munster I. At first the French were better treated than the British prisoners, but after a time, on account of the alleged ill-treatment of German prisoners in France, their privileges were stopped and they were not allowed any form of amusement. Their orchestra was disbanded, and they were not allowed to make their little articles which they were used to work at, such as souvenirs, &c. A notice to this effect was posted up, and also another notice that any infringement of the rules would be treated with the greatest severity.

The “martial law” notice was posted here. The regulations were exactly the same as at Dulmen. I saw no bad effects from punishment in this camp.

On one occasion a person who was said to be an ambassador from one of the Scandinavian countries came to the camp, but he was only shown one hut that had been specially cleaned out for him, and after he had seen this he was taken out of the camp. None of us had an opportunity of speaking to him.

The case of insanity at Erkrath was the only one I saw during my imprisonment.

I noticed no improvement in the condition of things during my detention at Munster I. On the other hand, the treatment of the prisoners was not so good towards the end of my time there as it was at the beginning. The French were, as I said before, worse treated and (possibly because the number of British prisoners was less) we had to work every third day instead of every fifth day, while the regulations as to parcels became very strict. The prisoner to whom the parcel was addressed was not allowed to receive anything from it except the actual foodstuff, that is to say, the wrapped of parcels of tea and the tins in which food was packed were taken away after they had had the contents emptied out of them. I do not know what use was made of the wrappers and tins, but they were permanently kept. This was done at the parcels office.

I left Munster I. on the 4th April 1917, and was sent with a commando to Duisberg Meidrich. Eight Britishers formed the party and we went in an ordinary train with two guards. The journey was not a very long one, and we got no food on the journey, but it was no hardship to be without it as the journey was so short. The guard treated us fairly on the train.

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Duisberg, Germany.

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Duisberg Meidrich is a suburb of Dusiberg, in Rhineland. The main camp, of which this working camp is a branch, is at Friedrichsfeld. On arrivel there we were marched to the Gesselschaft fur Teerverwertnung (the Tar Distillery Company). From there we were marched to our barracks and shown our quarters. There was a sergeant-major (Feldwebel) in command and two privates as sentries. They did not interfere with us in any way. The barracks were close to the factory. It was a good barrack, and better than that at Erkrath because it was healthier. The building had more space in it, and was very well built of brick, with a glass roof and a concrete floor. It was well lit with electric light except towards the end of my time there, when the roof and bulbs of the electric lamps were painted blue to prevent observation by aircraft which they seemed to be expecting. They are in a holy terror of our aircraft coming over. The machines did come over one night, but went on to Essen. There was a regular panic at Duisberg Meidrich, as the people told us when we saw them the next morning, but I do not know of any bombs being dropped near us.

We had two-tier bunks with wooden laths on which we had a straw mattress, but no blankets. We were supplied with an eiderdown cover, one sheet and a pillow and pillowcases.

The building was heated with coal stoves, of which there were about six, including four cooking stoves.

There was a good lavatory accommodation – a trough with hot and cold-water taps – and in the factory were baths which we could have once a week.

The sanitary arrangements were good.

There were about 13 British prisoners here and about 200 of various other nationalities, French, Russians and Belgians. We kept to a separate corner of the barracks and had no dealings with the other prisoners. We were employed in various ways in this very big factory, all in connection with tar distillery. At first I got 1 mark a day, but I would not work satisfactorily, and I was taken off and put on to punishment work (a “straf” job), which was the best job I struck in Germany, and I stuck to this. I did practically no work. I had to empty seven or eight wagons of naphthaline per day, and each wagon took about seven minutes to empty. For this work I got paid 2 marks per day.

I was not required to make munitions.

The food supplied to us was better than Munster I., but not so good as Erkrath. We had to live on it for the first two months until our parcels began to reach us again, and we struck work three times on account of the badness and insufficiency of the food. This improved towards the end of the time, when the new harvest was in. Working hours were from 6 till 6.

We had coffee at 8 a.m, vegetable soup at 12, mostly turnips; coffee at 4; and soup again at 6, the same as before. We sometimes got a piece of herring between two men, and every Sunday a little piece of meat, a spoonful of jam, and occasionally some of the same sort of cheese as we got at Dulmen, and occasionally a small piece of white cheese. We had a 3-lb. loaf of war bread every four days.

We had a canteen where we could purchase the same things as at Erkrath, with the addition of beer substitute, wine and lemonade. Prices were much the same as at Erkrath.

The food, in parcels from home and abroad, arrived in good condition.

Our clothing was that sent out to us from home, and we were served out with overalls. We did not ask here for any clothing to be issued to us.

There was a yard in which we could play football on Sundays. Indoors we had a gramophone, which we bought through the Feldwebel, and cards. We were not allowed to smoke in the factory, but otherwise could smoke until lights out.

There was no epidemic during my stay. If there was sickness the men were sent to the General Hospital at Duisberg.

The Frenchmen went to mass at a church in the town, but we had no religious services.

We were taken to the cinema the week before I left. This was stated to be a weekly affair. Occasionally we were taken for a walk under guard. At the cinema we were shown war pictures, including pictures of the Kaiser visiting the front, firing of guns and a livery stable on fire. We were also shown comic films.

The postal arrangements here were just the same as at Erkrath. The parcels were opened by the sentry; the tines were taken to a store and opened when wanted in the presence of the sentry. The tins themselves were put in a heap. Cigarette papers were taken out of the parcels. I had six packets of mine taken out. There was nothing else stopped in any case except tooth-paste and insect powder.

The parcels were first censored at Friedrichsfeld.

We were allowed to write the same as at the other camps.

The general treatment at this camp was fair. If you were late in turning out from the barracks, you were “helped along” with the butt of a rifle. I never myself saw a British prisoner hit, but have seen Frenchmen and Russians struck, and I know of one case (Private R.B.S. Morris, of the London Rifle Brigade) who was struck with the butt for knocking off work too early. I do not know the name or regiment of the man who struck him. It was before my time.

We were informed by a sentry that the Feldwebel’s orders were to leave the British and Frenchmen alone, but to put the Russians through it. They acted past their instructions, as the Frenchmen were ill-treated. I have not seen any men permanently injured, but I have seen them knocked out.

The martial-law notice was not posted up here, but a notice was sent from Friedrichsfeld, signed by, I think, Hauptmann Fischer, notifying that the death penalty would be imposed under the “laws of military treachery” if prisoners of war were caught destroying property to prevent economic working. Morris, of the L.R.B., who was in charge of the British prisoners, was ordered to sign this, but he refused to do so. Another document was then sent in practically the same terms, but again he refused to sign it. None of the prisoners, accordingly, signed the notice.

The acts considered offences were the same as at the camps. The punishments were 11 days’ cells in the barracks for smoking in the factory, 14 days for trying to escape, seven days for having a map or compass, and seven days for cutting marks out of our clothes. The cases were tried at Friedrischsfeld and the men imprisoned at Duisberg.

We had no representative of any Neutral Power to visit us here. The treatment was the same the whole time of my stay. We had one sentry, who made things a bit warm for us, but when he left we went back to the old conditions.

I am told that at Friedrichsfeld this working camp is considered one of the best in Germany, and that it has been a good camp from the beginning of the war. At one time it was even better than at present.

I escaped from Dusiberg Meidrich on the 27th October 1917.

I do not myself know anything of an Irish brigade, nor was I ever asked to join one. I heard, however, from some of the older men who were taken prisoners during the retreat from Mons of visits to the camps by Sir Roger Casement, who had asked for volunteers to join the Irish Rebellion. I do not, and do not think I ever did, know the names of the men who told me this. I gathered that Casement had a rather rough reception at some of the camps.

I was never asked to assume German nationality.

I have met Frenchmen who told me that they had been kept at work behind the German lines in France, but I did not talk to them much and know nothing of this except that they told me that there were Britishers with them.

Our parcels were received satisfactorily during the last few months.

I did not come across any British prisoners of war who either assumed German nationality or otherwise gave evidence of German sympathies.

I was working with civilians, and heard their conversation and spoke to them, and from what I heard and they told me, and from my own observation when passing through Dusseldorf and Duisberg, Ruhrort and Erkrath, I have come to the conclusion that things are in a very bad way in Germany. At Duisberg Meidrich civilians told me that the weekly ration was one 3-lb. loaf of war bread, 250 grammes of meat and 7 lbs. of potatoes. Soap is unprocurable, boots scarce, expensive and made of compressed paper soles. Clothing is very expensive. The shops in the towns through which I passed had very little display in the windows. People seemed fed up with the war and spoke strongly of the Crown Prince. They say he is “verruckt,” that is “dotty”.

I did not see many animals, but the working horses seemed in fair condition.

As I was a prisoner of war for 15 months and was moved from camp to camp at intervals of a few months, it is very difficult for me to give a comparative statement of the rations issued to us on dates at intervals of six months, and I can add little to what I have already stated with regard to the food. It was not reduced in quantity during my detention in any particular camp, but as supplies were more abundant after the harvest, we benefited a little from increased rations at those times.

During my detention there was a change for the worse in the type and class of men employed on guard work at the camps. The younger and fittest men were weeded out and sent up to the front, and the guard when I left Duisberg consisted of men physically unfit and old men. The old men were civilians in civilian clothes, with belt and bayonet and rifle. They were between the ages of 50 and 60, and one man who could speak English told me he was 55.

I heard nothing from the guards as to local disturbances over food questions, nor did I hear anything of preventive arrest. I knew that Liebknecht was imprisoned, as reports of his imprisonment were in the papers before I went to Germany, but I did not hear it mentioned in the camps.

I did not hear anything from the guards concerning aged men training in the depot battalions.

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I examined the witness, Private Henry Lamert Thomas, yesterday and to-day at 53, Coleman Street, E.C.2.

I consider that this young man is an exceedingly good witness. He had made his statement of the conditions in the two camps and two working camps in which he was detained in great detail, and impressed me with his desire that the information which he was giving and any expressions of his opinion should be accurate and scrupulously fair.

While he has not refrained from expressing his opinion upon any fact of which he was absolutely certain, he has, while mentioning one or two circumstances which he evidently regarded with suspicion, declined to state the inferences which he has drawn from them, as he said he did not think it fair to make statements of what his suspicions were when he had nothing but his own deductions upon which to found them, and these deductions might be wrong.

I think there is no question but that the statements contained an impartial and unprejudiced account of his experiences. He has shown the greatest willingness to do all that he possibly can to assist the Committee by giving information which might be of the slightest use to the men remaining prisoners in Germany; and although he has been examined by numerous authorities since his return to this country, and although he was anxious to get his examination by myself concluded at the earliest possible moment he was careful to say that he must not let his own personal convenience prevent him from giving all the information he could to assist the Committee.

I have no hesitation in saying that I consider Private Henry Lamert Thomas to be a thoroughly reliable witness. He appears to have used every opportunity that he had of observing not only the conditions in the camps, but among the civilian population of Germany, and I regard this witness as being of rather more than ordinary intelligence.

Dated the 28th day of November 1917.

R.C. SWAINE,

53, Coleman Street, London, E.C.2.

Solicitor

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I have created a PDF version of this account, available here.

The Long Way Home: An Australian Jewish POW in World War One – I

In August of 1916, the mother of a soldier serving in the Australian Army placed pen to paper, and composed the following letter to Captain McLean of the Australian Imperial Forces, concerning her son, Henry Lamert Thomas, a Private in the 30th Battalion, A.I.F.

Toronto
Lake MacQuarie
Via Newcastle
N.S. Wales
Aug. 24th 1916

Captain McLean
Base Records
Melbourne

Dear Sir

The Defence Dept have advised me that my son No. 2466 Pri. H.L. Thomas 30th Battalion is officially reported Missing since 20th July 1916. Can you possibly ascertain for me if he has been made a prisoner of war if so would letters be delivered to him. He left Sydney March 11th as leading reinforcements and shortly after his arrival in Egypt reverted to the ranks (at his own request) to join his battalion. Mrs. Hunt wife of Major Hunt at present in service with 35th Battalion has assured me that you will use your best efforts to help me in my time of anxiety. Kindly reply as soon as you can.

Yours Sincerely
(Mrs.) J. Thomas

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Some three months later, having since learned that – in the midst of the carnage of 1916, her once-missing son was miraculously alive, and a prisoner of the Germans – she again wrote to Captain McLean, this time regarding her son’s receipt of parcels and letters:

Te Aroha
Toronto
Lake MacQuarie
N.S. Wales
Nov. 6th 1916

Captain McLean
Dear Sir

Could you inform me if the _____ parcels of letters belonging to my son No. 2466 Pfc. H.L. Thomas have been returned to Australia? He has been a prisoner of war in Germany since July 20th. Parcels or letters have been posted fortnightly since he left Australia March 11th some of which have reached him. Up to June his address was Sergt – Etampes he left as Sergt [with] the 4th reinforcements 35th Battalion but reverted to the ranks to join his Battalion to go to France where he [was] taken prisoner.

Thanking you
Yours truly
(Mrs.) L.A. Thomas

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At the time of her second letter, Private Thomas was imprisoned at Erkrath, Germany. A little less than a year later he would be free, having escaped from German captivity in the company of Private Hector Holmes. He survived the war, and doubtless, eventually returned to Australia.

What makes this story notable is the preservation and availability of a remarkably detailed account of the capture and captivity of this Australian Jewish Soldier, which is presented in this post.

Born in New South Wales in 1897, Henry L. Thomas was the son of Mrs. Francis Thomas, who resided at Te Aroha, on Brighton Ave., in Toronto (a suburb of Newcastle in New South Wales), by occupation a railway clerk with the New South Wales Government Railway.

Private Thomas’ Interview is appended to his Attestation Papers, which can be accessed at the website of the National Archives of Australia (“NAA”; http://naa.gov.au/).* His Attestation Papers are presented below, while a transcript of his interview is presented in my “next” post.

A member of B Company, 30th Battalion, 4th Reinforcements, Australian Imperial forces, Thomas was captured on July 20, 1916, in the midst of the Battle of the Somme, which transpired from July 1 to November 18 of that year.

According to the Australian War Memorial, “The 30th Battalion was raised as part of the 8th Brigade at Liverpool in New South Wales on 5 August 1915. Most of its recruits hailed from the Newcastle region and other parts of country New South Wales, but almost an entire company was composed of former RAN ratings from Victoria.

The 8th Brigade joined the newly raised 5th Australian Division in Egypt and proceeded to France, destined for the Western Front, in June 1916. The 30th Battalion’s first major battle was at Fromelles on 19 July 1916. It was tasked with providing carrying parties for supplies and ammunition but was soon drawn into the vicious fighting. Following Fromelles, the battalion was rotated in and out of the front line along with others in the brigade, but played no major offensive role for the rest of the year.”

A prisoner at various locations in Germany, he escaped from German captivity in October of 1917 and eventually returned to Allied control.

Thomas was sent to or interned at the following locations after his capture:

France

Loos (temporary POW holding facility) 20 July 1916
Lille (temporary POW holding facility) 20 July 1916 through 22 July 1916

In Transit from France to Germany

By train from Lille to Dulmen, Germany 22 July 1916 through 24 July 1916

Germany

Dulmen (Lager Number 3)                         24 July 1916 through 4 September 1916
Erkrath (near Dusseldorf)                  4 September 1916 through 10 February 1917
Munster (POW Camp Number1)                  10 February 1917 through 4 April 1917
Duisberg Meidrich (Work Commando)           4 April 1917 through 27 October 1917

It is notable that only one month transpired between his escape, and the interview of 1917.

Of particular interest is the incorporation of the German document used to record biographical information, within Private Thomas’ Attestation Papers. An intriguing aspect of the document is that it is bilingual – unlike German POW documents during the Second World War – with headings in both English and German.

The information recorded in the POW record comprises:

Stammlager / Principal Camp (or) Lazarett / Hospital
Datum der Ausfertigung / Date
Zuname / Surname
Vorname / Christian Name
Rang / Rank
Reg. oder Korps / Regiment or Corps
Reg. Nr. / Regiment Number
Komp. / Company
Erkennsungsmarke Nr. / Number of Identification disc
Gefangennahme / Capture
Ort / Place [of capture]
Datum / Date [of capture]
Ob verwundet / Whether wounded
Bezeichnung der Wunde / Description of wound
Geburt / Birth
Ort / Place [of birth]
Datum / Date [of birth]
Heimatort / Home Place [address]
Adresse des nachsten Verwandten / Address of next-of-kin

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The account of Thomas’ capture and captivity, recorded by R.C. Swain in London on November 28, 1917, focuses almost entirely on Thomas’ life as a POW, in terms of life in the POW camps where he was interned, his interactions with fellow POWs and Germans (the latter both in military and civilian capacities), and, living and working conditions in Germany.

As such, the document does not cover Thomas’ prior experiences as a soldier, and unfortunately, accords tantalizingly little attention to the specific military action in which he was captured, the discussion of which is limited to the first few paragraphs. Similarly; unfortunately – even more tantalizingly! – it contains no information about his escape, as such.

(Presumably, such documents do exist – somewhere. But, where?)

However, nominal information about Pvt. Thomas’ escape does exist, and is present in the Enquiry Bureau Files of the Australian Red Cross Society for Wounded and Missing. (A copy of this document is also present in Pvt. Thomas’ Attestation Papers.) There, a document headed “Prisoner of War” and dated November 19, 1917, states:

“My mate and myself have escaped from Germany, we have to remain, 16 days here before going to England, the people are very kind it is like home. After leaving Germany we left our camp on Friday evening and arrived in Holland Thursday morning. We are very tired but happy at last. Extract from post-card written by Hector Holmes 3555 30th Batt dated 3.11.17 from Righs Quarantine, Sittard. Holland refers to man and Holmes escape together. Post-card received 17/11/17.”

A later document, dated December 4 and headed “Escaped Prisoner of War”, states:

”Left Duisberg Meiderick 26.10.17 arrived Holland 30.10.17. – Left Holland arrived England 21.11.17 – reported at A.I.F. Headquarters to Colonel Griffiths at 6 p.m. 23.11.17 – reported to B. Records [Base Records] 24.11.17.

Information from Man given 29.11.17.”

In civilian life, Private Hector Holmes, 3555, was a farmer from Branxton, New South Wales. He served in the 56th Battalion, Australian Imperial Force. Like Private Thomas, he was captured on July 20.

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In a larger context, Private Thomas was one of the over five hundred Australian Jewish soldiers who were military casualties (killed, wounded, missing, prisoners of war, or injured) in the First World War. About 470 of these men’s names appear in Reverend Michael Adler’s British Jewry’s Book of Honour, while the names of some 38 are absent from that publication. The names of these nearly 510 men – as well as of those Australian Jewish servicemen fortunate enough to have experienced the First World War without wounds, injury, or captivity – occupy pages 549 through 566 of Reverend Adler’s book. There, Private Thomas’ name appears on page 565.

The names of 144 of “the 470” – in connection with news stories, announcements of military decorations, or casualty notices – appeared in The Jewish Chronicle (London) during WW I.

Private Thomas’ name is also listed on page 82 of the Australian Jewry Book of Honour, that publication indicating that he received the Military Medal, and giving his middle name as “Lambert”. An image of this page appears below:

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The following images comprise the Attestation Papers of Private Thomas. The physical format of these documents, and the information recorded within them, is representative of Attestation Forms used by the Australian Imperial Forces and other nations of the British Commonwealth, during the First World War.

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The first page covers the enlistee’s biographical Information. Notice that the enlistee has been required to sign his name, and record the date of enlistment.

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The second page covers his physical description, religious affiliation, Certificate of Medical Examination, and Certificate of the Commanding Officer at the station of enlistment. This page also includes the enlistee’s signature.

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The same sheet as above, to which has been attached a document showing updates about Private Thomas’ “Missing in Action” and “Prisoner of War” status.

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Continuing with the same page, Private Thomas’ German POW information sheet (described above) has been attached.

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And finally, the notice of his escape, with Private Hector Holmes (transcribed above), from German captivity.

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References

Books

Adler, Michael, British Jewry Book of Honour, Caxton Publishing Company, London, England, 1922.

Banks, Arthur, A Military Atlas of the First World War, Leo Cooper, South Yorkshire, England, 2001

Boas, Harold, Australian Jewry Book of Honour – The Great War, 1914-1918, Lamson Paragon (West Australia), Ltd., Perth, Western Australia, 1923. (Accessed at the Dorot Jewish Division of the New York Public Library.)

Gilbert, Martin, The Routledge Atlas of the First World War (2nd Edition), Routledge, London, England, 2002

Macdonald, Lynn, Somme, Michael Joseph, London, England, 1985

Attestation Papers

Holmes, Hector, 3555, at web site of National Archives of Australia (http://www.naa.gov.au/).

Thomas, Henry Lamert, 2466, Private, at web site of National Archives of Australia (http://www.naa.gov.au/).

Other Sources of Information

Australian Red Cross Society Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau Files, 1914-18 War, 1DRL/0428, for 2466 Private Henry Lamert Thomas, 30th Battalion, at https://www.awm.gov.au.

New South Wales Association of Jewish ex Servicemen and Women, Detail, 2001, at (http://www.najex.org.au/)

30th Australian Infantry Battalion, at https://www.awm.gov.au/unit/U51470/.

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* As shown in the screen-shots below, the NAA’s search engine is well designed, easy to use, and very intuitive (and aesthetic! – as is the NAA’s website in general), presenting records in easily recognizable and retrievable fashion. Documents are provided as 120 dpi JPGs, which, though not of the highest resolution, certainly have enough clarity for working purposes, and can be adjusted and enhanced as desired via Photoshop or other relevant software.

Opening page of the NAA website. Note the search box in the upper center of the page.

A boolean search has been made for “Thomas” “2466”, which generates 8 records. Records that have been digitized are denoted by a stylized “page” icon in the right portion of the screen.

Upon clicking the pertinent icon, the user is presented with an image of the “first” document in the set of selected records. Using the gray and green “previous” and “next” buttons, the user can scroll through the entire set of documents in reverse or forward fashion, respectively. Or, the user can move to a specific page in the set of documents, using the “jump to page” field.

If desired, the entire set of digitized images can be viewed as a group, and specific images viewed at full size by clicking the relevant icon.

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Though I’m not familiar with the details, the NAA has apparently digitized Attestation Papers for all Australian WW I servicemen, generating an extraordinarily useful resource for those researching military history and genealogy, as well as other fields, such as sociology, economics, immigration, and demography.