Soldiers of Judea III: Military Service of Soldiers from the Yishuv in the British 8th Army – The Palestine Post, May 10, 1942 – “With the Royal Engineers”

The first two of Ted Lurie’s articles about the military service of soldiers from the Yishuv having appeared on Thursday and Friday (May 7 and 8), 1942, the next article was published on May 10, Sunday.  (A break for Shabbat on May 9!)  Note that Lurie begins right off in mentioning the designation of the unit involved: 738th Artisan Works Company.  However, the unit’s location is described in only the most general terms: near the Mediterranean Sea, at a site protected from desert winds.     

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VISITING PALESTINIAN SOLDIERS AT THE FRONT
WITH THE ROYAL ENGINEERS
By T.R. LURIE
The Palestine Post
May 10, 1942

This is the third of a series of articles by the Palestine Post News Editor who has just returned from a tour of camps of Palestinian soldiers in Egypt and Libya.

ANCIENT defence works, used by the Romans two thousand years ago to defend the Nile Delta from attack by marauding tribes from the West have been uncovered by a company of Palestinian sappers now encamped somewhere in Egypt.

Company No. 738 of the Royal Engineers, with whom I spent a few hours in their desert home, have a proud record.  They were the first Jewish Engineers Company to be enlisted in Palestine, the first of all the Palestinian companies to be commanded by a Palestinian Major, and the first Palestinian R.E. company to be sent abroad.  They were due to sail for Greece last Spring, and their advance party, which had gone there to set up camp were evacuated together with a party of New Zealanders in a British destroyer to Egypt, where they found their company had been sent in the meantime.

In Egypt, they were at first engaged in construction works in the Canal Area, but later moved westward and soon became veteran “desert rats”.  Today they look strong and fit and well-bronzed.  Without overdoing the spit and polish – as who does in the desert – they nevertheless look neat and orderly, and they snap to their orders with as smart a salute as any.

It is an English salute, of course, but their words are Hebrew.  For at work and at play these officers and men talk their own language: Hebrew, though it is Hebrew adapted to army needs; they do not attempt to translate army terms, but just carry over the English terminology into their Hebrew speech.  Words like mess, batman, sapper, dobie, etc., need no translation and of course, they use those myriads of army initials, such as C.R.E., D.I.D., N.A.A.F.I., P.R.I., M.T., and so on.  

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Explanation of the above acronyms…

C.R.E. – Corps of Royal Engineers
D.I.D. – Detail Issue Depot (A facility built for storing and distributing basic supplies.)
N.A.A.F.I. – Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes
P.R.I. – President of the Regimental Institute
M.T. – Mechanical Transport

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For those who joined up shortly after arriving in Palestine and therefore know only a little Hebrew, lessons are included in the company’s social programme.  One such refugee is a skilled electrician who has not altogether recovered from his eight months in a German concentration camp.  The account of his trip to Palestine is one of those thousands of tales of unbelievable hardship and danger, of escape from slavery to join in Palestine the ranks of the fighters of freedom.

NOT much can be said of the nature of the sapper’s work but one of their jobs has been building water cisterns.  They have utilized the ancient Roman underground reservoirs which local shepherds have helped them locate, and which they have repaired and lined with waterproof cement.  Theirs was the only mess I saw on my desert tour which was not under canvas, for they had ingeniously converted one of these large underground cisterns into most habitable dining and recreation room – comfortable, cool and a perfect shelter from raids.  These men live, too, in dug-outs, brick walled with concrete floors and vaulted ceilings and neither summer’s heat not Jerry’s bombs can worry them there.  They have been lucky, so far, in the weather.  They camp is only a few hundred yards away from the seashore, but it has been too cool even for swimming.

They are fortunate in their nearness to the sea, the colouring of which seems to be more strangely beautiful here than near the Palestine shore.  Water sports will probably play an important part in their recreation programme this summer, for they have built and are building several canoes under the supervision of one of the sappers who was a boat-builder at Gdynia.

The 738 camp is situated on an excellent site protected to a great extent from the desert’s dusty winds, so that the men are not too uncomfortable even during dust storms.

They have now received the Passover Soldiers’ Gift Packages from home and are busy replying to the letters which came in the packer.  In the mess they are still telling the story of the young sapper who, last Hanukkah, received a gift parcel with a very interesting letter signed “Miriam”.  He replied introducing himself, and a correspondence began between the pen-friends – until ‘Miriam’ introduced herself in one of the letters as one of the first settlers in Petah Tikva half a century ago.

Soldiers of Judea II: Military Service of Soldiers from the Yishuv in the British 8th Army – The Palestine Post, May 8, 1942 – “Pioneers in the Desert”

On Friday, May 8, 1942, The Palestine Post published the second of Ted Lurie’s reports about the military service of troops from the Yishuv in the British Eighth Army.  This news item focused on the three Pioneer Companies of the Royal Army Service Corps (two Jewish and one Arab) serving in Libya and Egypt, respectively.  Immediately apparent is that Lurie’s reporting is based on encounters and interviews with the soldiers serving in these units, this involving travel of approximately 1,000 miles west from the Yishuv, along the Mediterranean coast of Africa.  As you can see in the image below, Lurie’s article was accompanied by two photos, but these are barely visible in the digital version of the article.

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PIONEERS IN THE DESERT
By T.R. LURIE
The Palestine Post
May 8, 1942

This is the second of a series of articles by The Palestine Post News Editor who has just returned from a tour of camps of Palestinian Soldiers in Egypt and Libya.

PALESTINIANS are Pioneers with Gen. Ritchie’s Eighth Army in the Western Desert.  Three Companies of the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps, two Jewish Companies and one Arab, are encamped and doing important jobs – the first two in Libya and the third in Egypt.

Two of them are working at different point along the Eighth Army’s vital supply lines, while one, number 601, is in the Tobruk area.  In the record-breaking construction of the new desert railway by New Zealand engineers these Palestinian Pioneers played an important part.

The Tobruk Company is now a Jewish unit but when originally formed as the first Palestinian Company to be enlisted it was a mixed Company.  They are the men who served in France and later were in the Battle of Britain, after having been armed during their last days in France.  Their overseas service won them high praise, as has already been noted in these columns, and now they are carrying on the reputation earned for Palestinians in Tobruk by the Jewish transport companies of the R.A.S.C. who served with the Australians during the 1941 siege.

A Year in the Desert

I did not visit 601 at Tobruk, but I travelled almost 1,000 miles to see the other two: 600 (Jewish) and 610 (Arab).  The first has been in the desert almost a year, starting in Egypt and by stages moving up to more forward positions until now they are on the other side of the wire.  Their exact location in Cyrenaica [eastern coastal region of Libya] can, of course, not be disclosed, but I found them – a pin point on the map already diligently working at a dozen different tasks although they were still in the process of digging in.

They had a few days before broken camp near an old railhead site in Western Egypt and had moved forward to this point somewhere between Capuzzo [Fort Capuzzo] and Bardia.  A detachment of Greek troops has been attached to the company here.  The pioneers’ jobs range from sorting mail at the Field Post Office, digging pits for telegraph poles to working on munitions dumps, and many other jobs which an army has do along its lines of communications.

I saw the men – those who were not out in detachments at work some distance from the camp – at lunch-time messing in the open near the cook-house.  They had just received the Passover gift parcels sent by the Jewish Soldiers Welfare Committee and were of course delighted to have them at their new camp, which more than made up for their late arrival.  Some of the men had been home on leave for Passover and were still talking about it at mess that day while others described the thrill they had experienced by the surprise visit of Mr. M. Shertok [Moshe Chertok] who had come to their camp at their old site to spend the Passover Feast (Seder) with them.

Men from the Patria

I spoke in English to a husky Sergeant who was only a beginner at Hebrew because he had come to Palestine in the Patria from Austria only a short time before enlisting.  There are several men from Patria and Tiger Hill and other refugee ships in this company together with boys born in Jerusalem and other towns, and farmers from Herzlia and other villages.  Many of them are skilled artisans and craftsmen, and their only ambition is to do work for which they are well qualified as an Artisan Works Company in the Res. or a Works Services Company of the R.A.S.C.

The food is good and plentiful, and even Tubby, the fat boy, (20 stone if he’s a pound) cannot complain on that score.  The men all live under canvas, some in small “bivys,” others in large dug-in sand-bagged tents, as they have not yet had time to build proper dug-outs.

IT was not easy to find 610 Company.  We started at Mersa Matruh, travelled a couple of hours west on the coastal road and then turned off south on a desert track. Tracks soon disappeared in the brush and we made the rest of the journey guided only by maps and compass bearings.  We bounced over thick desert shrubs for another couple of hours until we found our pin-point: 610 A.M.P.C.

An Arab Unit

This Company includes some of the Arab soldiers who had joined 601 on its formation as a mixed company and had been transferred to 610 when the former was reconstituted as a Jewish unit.  The two had been in France and some had later been in a Commando at Abyssinia.  Theirs is the only Arab Company serving outside Palestine, and they have been in Egypt about six months.

Most of the men are from Jaffa, but nevertheless they take to the desert “not too badly,” in the words of one of their officers.  The boys from the towns are even better, this officer said, then the native desert dwellers themselves.  They are in good spirits and on the least occasion – such as an ordinary pay day – they will hold a celebration and dance the debka, using bivy tent-poles for swords.  They too receive comforts from Palestine: sports gear, indoor games, newspapers, etc.

Although the men speak only a little English, their officers manage to make themselves understood.  One of the officers – then with the Buffs Regiment – was in Palestine in 1936 and later, in 1940, was a training officer for Palestinian recruits at Sarafand.

The men themselves are keen on firearms, I was told, especially Lewis and Breda guns.  Nothing gives them more of a kick than a chance to fire their machine-guns at enemy planes.  A couple of hits scored on one raider were identified as coming from their gun when the machine crash-landed later.  These men were hard to find in the Egyptian desert – being so well dug in – but they were, tawny and grinning, doing their bit.

Soldiers of Judea I: Military Service of Soldiers from the Yishuv in the British 8th Army – The Palestine Post, May 7, 1942 – “So This Is The Western Desert”

Given the implications – of geography, politics, and ultimately, sheer physical survival (also see…– of the Battle for North Africa for the Jews of the Yishuv (and not just the Yishuv), it’s not at all surprising that The Palestine Post (and, I’m certain, Hebrew language newspapers of the Yishuv) accorded attention to the military service of the Jews of the Yishuv in the armed forces of the British Commonwealth in general, and, in the context of the North African Campaign in particular. 

Certainly this was the focus of attention geographically beyond the Yishuv, as exemplified in 1944 by La Tribune Juive, but not so much in the American Jewish press.

A notable example of this occurred in mid-1942, when The Palestine Post published five articles about this topic, all authored by correspondent “T.R. Lurie”: Ted R. Lurie.

A native of New York, Lurie settled in “palestine” shortly after graduating from Cornell University in 1930.  In 1932, after briefly working in a collective farm settlement, he began work at The Palestine Post.  During World War II he served as the Post’s military correspondent with Allied forces in the Western Desert. 

Active in the Haganah commencing in 1933, in 1947 he organized and directed its underground English-language broadcasts, and in 1948, on the eve of Israel’s War of survival and liberation, served as its public relations officer.  Throughout this time he continued to serve in various editorial capacities with the The Palestine Post, continuing after 1948 when the newspaper was renamed The Jerusalem Post.  In 1955 he was named acting editor, replacing the paper’s founder and editor Gershon Agron, who was elected Mayor of Jerusalem.  He became editor-in-chief on Mr. Agron’s death in 1959, founding the newspaper’s Weekly Overseas Edition that same year.

Ted Lurie also served as Associated Press Jerusalem correspondent and as Israel news correspondent for the Central News Agency, the News Chronicle of London and the Columbia Broadcasting System.  In recent years he broadcast Israeli news four times a week on radio station WEVD in New York.  He was also a former editor of the Hebrew daily Zmanim, a co-founder of the Israel Journalists Association and ITIM (Israel News Agency), a member of the Israel Committee of the international Press institute, a former president of the YMHA Association and chairman of the Jerusalem branch of the Israel-Japan Society.

Ted R. Lurie died in Tokyo on June 1, 1974.  He is buried in Har HaMenuchot Cemetery, Jerusalem, Israel.  (The above information was compiled from articles in the Jewish Floridian, December 6, 1968; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 3, 1974; Jerusalem Post, June and June 7, 1974.) 

Pictures of Mr. Lurie are elusive; here’s the only one I found: It was published in the Jewish Floridian on December 6, 1968.

Published between May 7 and 11, 1942, each of Lurie’s articles focused on a different aspect of the service of Jewish soldiers in the Western Desert, specifically at Company-level military units whose duties – transportation, water supply (pretty important in a desert!), and engineering – while neither dramatic nor given to bold headlines, were absolutely essential to the actual conduct of offensive as well as defensive combat operations.  Interestingly, though these articles were obviously published even as the war was ongoing, Lurie recorded and the Post published the actual numerical designations of some of these units, which I assume occurred with the assent of military censors. 

So…  “This” and the next four posts will present Lurie’s five articles in chronological order, and will include an image of the article itself (found via the National Library of Israel) and – well, given the poor legibility of the text in the images – a full transcript of the article.  Though each article s accompanied by a photograph, unfortunately, the quality of these images in electronic format is very poor.  (Oh, well.)    

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To place this series of articles in a winder context, here’s a diagrammatic map of the war in North Africa, published in Lukasz Hirsowicz’s 1966 The Third Reich and the Arab East.  Very cleverly designed, the map shows geographic boundaries, the locations of principal cities, routes and destinations of naval convoys, air activity, and above all, the timing and furthest geographic extent of Allied and Axis military offensives in Libya and Egypt.  The closest approach of Axis forces to Cairo, the Suez Canal, and the Yishuv – during the battle of El Alamein – was attained on July 1, 1942, after which offensive momentum finally and completely (but not without cosr) switched to the Allies.  

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This “first” post, pertaining to Lurie’s article of May 7, 1942 (a Thursday), provides an introduction and overview to the series.

Subsequent posts will cover Lurie’s articles about…

Pioneers (Friday, May 8, 1942)
Engineers (Sunday, May 10, 1942)
A.T.S. (Auxiliary Transport Service) (Jewish women soldiers) (Monday, May 11, 1942)
Water Transportation and Supply (Tuesday, May 12, 1942)

VISITING TROOPS ON THE LIBYAN FRONT
SO THIS IS THE WESTERN DESERT
By T.R. LURIE
The Palestine Post
May 7, 1942

DUST seems to be winning the desert was at the moment.  Durst storms have figured almost daily for the past month in the brief communiques, and to anyone who has seen the dust clouds which even a small convoy raises on desert tracks, this is not surprising.

Contrary to the popular idea, it is not too hot to fight in the desert.  Indeed it is cooler at the front than in Cairo.  The two problems, however, that do present major obstacles to combat in the summer are water and dust – which go hand in hand; dust increases in inverse proportion to water.  In winter there is more water and less dust, while in summer it is the other way round.  But the fact that both problems can be solved to some extent was demonstrated in the fighting in April and May last year.

With the publication in Egypt of a little book entitled Some Remarks on Dust Storms showing that there were seven times as many dust storms in the desert in 1941 as in 1940, a good deal of good-natured speculation has been started on the possibility of the desert itself ending its own war.  There might soon be so many and such furious dust storms as to make fighting impossible altogether, and nature would thus get her own back for man’s interference.  Indeed the army’s responsibility for dust is easy to understand.  Not only to the tanks and wheels of the armies churn up violent eddies of dust, but they also tear out and destroy so much of the desert brush which played an important part in keeping the sand down on the surface.  So, the more martial activity the more dust, but, the more dust the less fighting.

Nevertheless, man has not given up the struggle by any means.  Soldiers are finding ways of protecting their camps against the dust storms, on the one hand, and at the same time the work of building up armed strength goes up.  It has already been stated that two new rehabilitated and re-equipped armies are lined up facing each other across he Libyan no-man’s land, and a trip to the front gives one something of a picture of how this has been and is being done.  One meets endless convoys going in both directions; all kinds of material – and men – going forward and salvage convoys coming back.

Importance of Salvage

Salvage is one of the most prominent elements of today’s activity.  One day we saw a battered fighter plane that had crash-landed near the road.  The very next day, passing the same spot, we saw it being hauled on a salvage truck.  It is just a military education in itself just to note the different kinds of material on board these salvage vehicles as the convoys go by.  On the trip, the traffic is of course the most interesting thing to see, but the desert one passes is not altogether featureless.

Strangely enough, it is most barren and monotonous nearest the Delta.  Where the green belt ends and the desert begins there is a sharp dividing line, but the desert itself is here mostly just flat sand in long unbroken stretches as far as the eye can see.  But driving farther along one begins to notice the green and brown shrubs, and then the flowers appear.  Amateur horticulturists among the troops have collections of well over 50 specimens of desert flowers.  The blues, the reds, the purples and the yellows – dandelions seem to outnumber the anemones – are the predominating colours, but there are others too.

It is, however, only when one leaves the road and takes to travelling across the country that one really sees the desert.  We were motoring across ordinary brush at one point, when suddenly we drove into a patch of hedges and stunted trees, five to six feet tall, like jungle brush that might have been on another continent.  Then, just as suddenly, we would come on a small cultivated patch with a field of desert corn and a small grove of fig trees.

Beduin themselves do not seem so much in evidence.  It was always a feature of travelling in the desert in other parts that wherever one stopped one’s car a Beduin or two would immediately appear with a donkey as if out of nowhere.  Here donkeys are rare – I saw only one on my trip.  The Beduin are for the most part probably employed by the army in the vicinity of the camps and are therefore less nomadic than usual.

Then too in the midst of nowhere one finds many signs of Tommy’s influence.  Driving by compass and map pin-points, for example, one finds clearly printed on one’s map such places as Piccadilly, Oxford Circus, King’s Cross and others.  I did not come across the House of Lords, but there as a football ground at even the smallest of camps.  In completely uninhabited country, the first thing one often sees is a goal-post and then you know the tents cannot be far away.  One finds soldiers kicking footballs right up at the front.

The troops live either in dugouts or in tents, but the tents are well dug-in and sand-bagged so as to be only partially above ground and they seem larger and roomier inside than tents pitched on the flat surface.  They seem to be as adjustable as chameleons, and in their dispersed camps they are not easy to find.

From Sollum to Mersah

Sollum and Halfaya have to be seen to be appreciated.  The two long winding climbing roads with the long lines of vehicles crawling up one and snaking down the other, Mersah Matruh with the Wavell Way, Blamey Avenue, and Wilson Road also has mural paintings in an officers’ mess worth coming miles to see.  The all-useful “jerry-cans” that seem to have been captured in thousands are omnipresent, some used for water, others for petrol.  And then the roads are often plastered with sign-boards like some of the worst American highways, only the legends are different, such as:

WIN THE SCRAP WITH SCRAP;
VEHICLES FIRST;
IT SLOWS OUR BLITZ TO COME IN BITS / GO SLOW

The names which drivers print on the board of their trucks make interesting reading: the English soldiers had Mary, Anne, and Jane, etc.; I saw Palestinians with their names printed in Hebrew, and Aliza was the most popular; and I saw a Free French convoy that bore names like Normandie, Bretagne, Chad, Congo, etc.

Men look healthy and fit in the desert, and no wonder!  The life, though hard, is exhilarating and healthy; and for making the best of the bad job of war, men in the desert take all the honours.

References and Readings

Hirsowicz, Lukasz, The Third Reich and the Arab East (translated from the Polish)Routledge & K. Paul, London, England, 1966

Jackson, William G.F., The Battle for North Africa 1940-43, Mason / Charter, New York, N.Y., 1975

The Jewish Brigade: Jewish Brigade Message – September, 1946

“…until the day when the Jewish state will be a fact.”

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The impact of the Jewish Brigade was felt even after the war ended; even after the unit ceased to exist as a military organization; even after its soldiers were demobilized, as attested to by an editorial that appeared in at least two Jewish newspapers during the summer of 1946:

One, The Jewish Herald of Allentown, Pennsylvania.

The other, The Jewish News of Detroit, Michigan.  

Though published under slightly different headlines (Allentown: “Jewish Brigade Message: The Farewell Message of the Jewish Brigade on Its Forced Dissolution”; Detroit: “Jewish Brigade’s Farewell to Arms: Only Fighting Unit Under Jewish Flag Is Forced to Dissolve By British Orders”) the body of the editorial was identical in both publications.  The authorship of the text is anonymous, and is ascribed to the “Committee of the Jewish Brigade Group”, while the motivation for the editorial’s publication is attributed (in The Jewish Herald) to a request from the “World Union of Jewish Combatants”, 

The editorial (well, it is an editorial!) doesn’t expound upon or recount the Brigade’s accomplishments, and makes no mention of the name of any soldier or officer.  Instead, the Jewish Brigade is discussed in terms of its impact upon the perception – from within and without – of the Jewish people, and the aspiration for Jewish unity in the context of the events of the Second World War.  There are several direct and obvious allusions to British foreign policy vis-a-vis the Yishuv before and during the Second World War (most telling and pointedly, the line, “The same hand which shut the gates of our country and put obstacles in our path toward a Jewish Fighting Force, now decrees your disbandment.”).  But, the editorial’s authors consciously steered away from actual mention of “Britain”, per se.  Paralleling this – and the editorial’s central point and conclusion – is awareness and message that Jewish inhabitants of the Yishuv who were veterans of military service in either the Brigade itself, or, other British Commonwealth military formations, would have the military training, motivation, confidence, and sense of spirit needed – in the short term – to defend against anti-Jewish violence in the Yishuv, and – in the long term – the imperative to lay the foundation for a defense force in the re-established Jewish nation-state.  

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Here’s the editorial, as it appeared within The Jewish News:

And, here’s the article itself, displaying the insignia of the Jewish Brigade in an image identical to that appearing in The Jewish Chronicle in November of 1944.  

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The full text of the editorial, as it appeared in Allentown’s Jewish Herald in September of 1946:

Jewish Brigade Message

Note: Upon the urgent request of the World Union of Jewish Combatants, we release the following “Farewell Message” of the Jewish Brigade Group.  Upon orders of the British Army, the only fighting Jewish force under a Jewish flag is being dissolved, under circumstances that call for protest, as well as a new proclamation of the role of Jewish soldiers in World War II.  The “Farewell Message of the Jewish Brigade” is a historic document, and is here printed in its full text.

THE FAREWELL MESSAGE OF THE JEWISH BRIGADE ON ITS FORCED DISSOLUTION

The emergence of a Jewish volunteer Force was nourished by two impulses – the rebirth of the Jewish people in its Homeland and the immense catastrophe of the Exile.  It was inspired by the Jewish determination to join, as equals, in the ranks of nations fighting the cruel foe.

The path toward this goal was long and difficult.  After persistent and unceasing efforts by Jewish volunteers, the “Jewish Soldier” came into being.  The desire to join their brothers in exile, the will to fight for them and to rescue them, even at a time when the enemy knocked with his iron fist at the door of Palestine, was a phenomenon of the utmost importance.  This phenomenon fixed the destiny of the Jewish Brigade Group and its mission.

The “Jewish Soldier” had to fight hard in order to acquire the right to face the enemy as a Jew.  Against innumerable official hindrances, he sought to achieve his place on the line of combat.  For years he was denied the right to raise his flag – the flag of the Jewish nation.  At the front, at last, amidst artillery fire, in the slit trenches, and with his dead before him – the Jewish flag rose above Jewish combatants.

Determined and aware, with burning heart impelling him toward the front and his people in Exile – despite the strangling shame of the White Paper – the “Jewish soldier” left his country, crossed the seas, fought and spilled his blood – saving and guarding the honor and freedom of Israel throughout Europe.

The appearance of the Jew as a fighting force was evidence of a momentous change in a world so long accustomed to the sight of the Jew – beaten, weak passive object of human savagery.  The “Jewish Soldier” came charged with fighting spirit – inflaming and dynamic revolt against five years of Jewish suffering, helplessness and unrelieved tragedy.

Through its soldiers, the Yishuv gave new strength to the tragic remnants of Jewry.  They came – the first spokesman of the Yishuv in uniform – bringing the message of “Unity,” “Liquidation of Exile,” “Halutziut,” “Aliya against all odds,” “A Jewish State.”

At their first encounter at the gates of the concentration camps where the shadow of death still hovered, a fraternal blood was forged which no force, within or without, can break.  Out of this moving encounter was revealed the will to live of Israel’s remnants.  Like the steel skeleton of a house burned to the ground, they were drawn to that most precious “will to live” and guarded it.

On this day of separation from the remnants of Israel among whom and for whom we have been living these days in Europe, we send this parting word: “Do not accept any form of exile – any renewed prospect of extermination.  Stand firm against the new concentration camps. Be strong to beat your way toward a free life in our Homeland.  Raise the banner of Jewish revolt in Europe.”

To the soldiers returning to the Homeland: “Brothers-in-arms we have been and shall be.  That fraternity will continue to beat forever in our hearts.  May it always bind us together – united in our constructive effort, united in our struggle.”

With this alliance of blood, woven on the battlefield and seven times sanctified in the face of Israel’s distress, we turn to the Yishuv of Palestine and its Youth, calling for greater unity, for firm and continued guard.  You who return to the Homeland, return to a battlefield.  All that you have seen and felt among the ruins of our people, you will add to the scales, as precious weight, in the decisive struggle of the Yishuv.  The sight and memory of graves and camps in Germany will permit you no rest.  In your hearts, as in the body of our people, is a wound still bleeding, with blood being spilt, despite the “liberation,” while awaiting Freedom.

We had not power enough to complete the formation of a Jewish army.  We succeeded only in laying its foundations.  The fate of the Jewish Brigade mirrors the destiny of our people.  The same hand which shut the gates of our country and put obstacles in our path toward a Jewish Fighting Force, now decrees your disbandment.

But the vision of a Jewish Army remains alive.  The voluntary enlistment of thousands of Jewish men and women, their proud appearance as Jews in uniform, their participation in the fight of the world against the common enemy, their heroism and sacrifice, and at last, the raising of the Jewish flag as a fighting banner in Europe – all this still lives in our hearts, and will continue to live in the hearts of this generation of Jews, until the day when the Jewish Army will be a reality, until the day when the Jewish state will be a fact.

With the entire Jewish people, we are filled with deep indignation by the organized pogrom against the Yishuv – Israel’s last hope.  The aim of this bloody attack is clear – to leave us defenseless, to break the backbone of our nation, to make a new ghetto of our country.  Thousands of Jewish soldiers are today returning to Palestine, greeted by the sight of burning homes and villages, smashed by tanks, while the terror of the Government is spread thru-out the land and thousands of our brothers, including members of the Jewish Agency Executive, are arrested and tortured in concentration camps.

The Jewish soldiers who fought for Jewish rebirth in a new world, will never accept this situation.  And while the banner of the Brigade is still raised in Europe – the banner of combat, vengeance and liberation – we stand fast and swear to carry the standard to our land!  OUR MISSION IS NOT YET FULFILLED!

– Committee of the Jewish Brigade Group

Soldiers of Judea: Military Service of Soldiers from the Yishuv in the British 8th Army – La Tribune Juive, April 5, 1944

“As I said, it was not spectacular work.  It was not marked by any act of exceptional heroism.  It was simply physical and spiritual sacrifice, the incessant labor that required heart and endurance to the highest degree.”

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The past – whether the past of an individual or the past of a nation – can be a little like a Russian Matryoshka doll: As one figurine is concealed within another, within another (within yet another…), so too can historical records and human memory lead from one facet of history to another.

And so, the story of the Jewish Infantry Brigade – in the context of Jewish military history during the Second World War might – leads to and reveals another aspect of the military service of the Jews of the Yishuv:  The participation of Jewish volunteers in service and support units of the British Eighth Army in North African and Italy.  Though by nature less dramatic and perhaps of far less symbolic portent than the story of the Jewish Brigade, the service of these soldiers, in units engaged in camouflage, construction, stevedore work, supply, and transportation (often unheralded in most armies) was nonetheless absolutely essential to the Allied victory in the Mediterranean Theater.

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To place this article in a larger context, here’s a diagrammatic map of the war in North Africa, from Lukasz Hirsowicz’s The Third Reich and the Arab East.  The map is very cleverly designed in showing geographic boundaries, the locations of principal cities, routes and destinations of naval convoys, air activity, and above all, the timing and furthest geographic extent of Allied and Axis military offensives in Libya and Egypt.  Note that the closest approach of Axis forces to Cairo, the Suez Canal, and the Yishuv – during the battle of El Alamein – was attained on July 1, 1942, after which offensive momentum finally and completely (but not easily) switched to the Allies.  

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During the war, the topic was prominently covered in two books: Israel Cohen’s short but substantive Britain’s Nameless Ally (1942), and Pierre Van Paassen’s inspiring, insightful, and disillusioning The Forgotten Ally (1943).  In the former, in Chapter IV – “The Best-Kept Secret of the War” – pp. 175-236; in the latter, in Chapter II – “The Rallying of Jewish Volunteers” – pp. 10-17, and, Chapter III – “At the Battle-Fronts” – pp. 18-28. 

The image below shows the front cover of the 1943 (first) edition of The Forgotten Ally…

…and, here’s the back cover. 

I found my copy at a used bookstore (remember book stores?) on June 2, 2001.  The book is exceptional in terms of Van Paassen’s writing style, his perspective on Jewish history, Jewish peoplehood, Jewish nationalism, and geopolitics, with insights relevant well beyond the world of 1943.  

The story was also reported in the print media, but aside from one article in The Jewish Exponent (“Jews Fight For Egypt” by Jesse Z. Lurie, on July 24, 1942), but this news coverage of the topic seems to have been largely the focus of Jewish newspapers published outside of the United States, specifically the Yishuv, England (The Jewish Chronicle), and elsewhere.

And example of this – an extremely informative example, at that – from elsewhere – from Egypt, to be specific – follows below.

On April 5, 1944, La Tribune Juive (translated title: The Jewish Tribune), a “French language weekly published in Cairo and Alexandria between the years 1936-1948,” published an article by Major L. Rabinovitz (Chaplain to the Forces, attached to the 8th Army) entitled “Les troupes juives dans la victoire du Désert” (“Jewish Troops in the Victory of the Desert”).  The piece – lengthy, detailed, specific (very specific!) in terms of revealing the designations of military units (such as the 462nd General Transport Company, the subject of the very first posts at this blog) – provides fascinating insight into this story.  

This is the article as it appears on La Tribune Juive’s front page; it extends several pages into the body of the newspaper. 

Major Rabinovitz’s article is presented in its entirety below: First in the original French, and then, an English-language translation.

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Une glorieuse épopée

Les troupes juives dans la victoire du Désert

par le Major L. RABINOVITZ, CF.,
Ancien Aumônier Juif en chef, attaché à la 8ème Armée.

LE Général Commandant en Chef désire mettre en relief les actes de bravoure accomplis par les suivants:

Lieutenant H.A.T. Rosser (Royal Engineers), Sergent-Major E. Silberman, Caporal Y. Filar, Lance-Caporal S. Reiser, Lance-Caporal B. Klioth, Sapeur S. Trebitsch et Sapeur S. Gesusdheit faisant lous partie de la Compagnie Palestinienne chargée d’opérations de Port.

«Vers 14 heures, le 14 Avril 1943, l’alarme fut donnée à la suite d’un incendie qui avait éclaité à bord du navire «Océan Strength» transportant des bidons de benzine destinas à être déchargés.  Le Lieutenant Rosser s’élance immédiatement vers l’écoutille avec son extincteur d’incendie, ordonnant à ses hommes de le suivre.  Sans aucune hésitation, ils le suivirent vers ce qui paraissait être une mort certaine.  On pouvait apercevoir la fumée s’échappant du fond de la cale.  Le Lieutenant Rosser se fit un chemin à travers cette fumée, levant des planches de bois et des bidons de benzine afin d’arriver au foyer de l’incendie.  Ayant donné ordre aux hommes qui le suivirent vers cette partie de la cale d’actionner les extincteurs d’incendie en cet endroit, il s’approcha encore pour connaître exactement l’emplacement du feu.  Les flammes atteignirent l’arrière du navire.  Le Lieutenant Rosser demanda alors à l’équipage d’un chaland amarré aux côtés du navire de passer le manche de son tuyau d’incendie.  L’embarcation avait déjà pris le large, mais agissant d’après les instructions formelles du Lieutenant Rosser, l’équipage ramena celle-ci aux côtés du bateau et le manche d’incendie, passant de main à main fut amené jusqu’à la chambre des machines.

«Le Sergent-Major Silberman, le Caporal Filar et les autres memtionnés ci-haut demeurèrent dans la cale jusqu’à ce que les éjecteurs à vapeur eussent été mis en action; c’est alors seulement qu’ils reçurent l’ordre de quitter les lieux.  Le Lance-Caporal Reiser fat le dernier homme à sortir de la cale à un moment où les nuages de vapeur et la fumée qui s’élevaient de la cale empêchaient de distinguer à l’intérieur les formes humaines.

«Le Sergent-Major Silberman et le Caporal Filar se distinguèrent tout particulièrement, montrant ainsi un bel exemple.  Après avoir quitté la cale, ils travaillèrent à la remise en place des poutres enlevées et à recouvrir les panneaux des écoutilles.  La conduite du Lieutenant Rosser fut une haute démonstration du courage.  Par son exemple, il incita ses hommes à le suivre dans une entreprise hasardeuse et réussit ainsi à maîtriser le feu.

«Le Général Commandant en Chef donne ordre que mention en soit faite dans les «Records de Service» du Lieutenant Rosser et dans les certificats de conduite des autres militaires mentionnés, en vertu des articles 171 et 1818 (b) des Règlements du Roi, 1940.»

Ce qui précède est un extrait des Ordres du Jour de la Huitième Armée, signés par le Général Sir Bernand Law Montgomery, K.C.B., D.S.O., et se réfère évidemment à une des Unités Juives qui prirent part à sa campagne victorieuse.  On pourrait probablement et sans grande difficulté retrouver des actes aussi louables de bravoure dans les annales de guerre des autres unités palestiniennes qui participèrent aux glorieux exploits de cette célèbre armée.

Cependant on donnerait une idée entièrement fausse et déformée du travail essentiel exécuté par ces unités qui acquirent l’honneur et la gloire, donnèrent «le sang, la sueur, les larmes et les peines» qui ont forgé la victoire.  J’espère ardemment que l’historien futur des volontaires Juifs Palestiniens pour la Guerre de la Liberté résistera à la tentation de représenter ces actes isolés (qui ne sont seulement possibles que lorsque d’extraordinaires opportunités se présentent) comme typiques ou caractéristiques.  J’espère qu’il s’abstiendra de représenter celle besogne comme une succession d’actes de bravoure et d’exploits héroïques des «unités des lignes du front» dans «l’avance sous une véritable rafale de bombes et de feu d’artillerie» ou d’avenIures au caractère élevé.  Non seulement ce serait faux, mais ce serait un mauvais service rendu h l’histoire moins spectaculaire mais non moins impressionnante de leurs réalisations pratiques.

La «Première» Huitième Armée

La Huitième Armée n’est pas née avec le Général Montgomery et aucune histoire de cette force redoutable et des Unités Juives qui en firent partie ne peuvent être complètes sans une référence à la Huitième Armée d’avant «Monty».  Ses avances ne doivent pas être rappelées avec dédain, et ses revers ont simplement servi à la forger en l’instrument puissant qu’elle devint entre ses mains.  Mais il y a des raisons spéciales pour mentionner, les Unités Juives qui y prirent part, 1o.) Dans un but de comparaison, 2o.) parce que deux des trois unités ont cessé d’exister.  Elles ont passé hors de l’histoire sans recevoir des honneurs ni être chantées.  Honorées, elles doivent l’être et si on ne peut les chanter, ce serait une erreur de laisser la muse absolument silencieuse à leur égard.

Passons donc grièvement en revue la Huitième Armée de Cunningham et de Ritchie, de Novembre 1941 à Juillet 1942, de l’avance de Sidi Barrani à El Agheila et de la retraite par étapes de Gazala à El Alamein.

Sans même essayer de faire une comparaison ridicule et déplacée avec la Huitième Armée qui lui succéda, il est nécessaire de souligner que la technique de la guerre du désert était beaucoup plus caractéristique chez cette Force que dans celle qui lui a succédé.  Solloum, la Passe de Halfaya et Bardia étaient solidement tenus par les Allemands jusqu’à la mi-Janvier 1942 et une attaque le long de la route cotière était impraticable.  Sur n’importe quel point entre le kilomètre 62 après Marsa Matrouh et Sidi Barrani, c’était dans une direction sud le désert complet et toute trace de cette route disparaissait.  A travers les immensités désertiques sans chemins à l’exception des multitudes de pistes confuses créées par le passage des milliers de véhicules, on se «perdait dans le bleu».  Un compas de navigation était le seul guide sûr, à condition que le détenteur fut un navigateur expérimenté.  Une ligne ferrée était pour l’égaré comme un phare pour le marin à bord d’un navire naufragé, un fil télégraphique constituait pour lui fa meilleure des routes.  Même après la levée du siège de Tobrouk et la chute conséquente de la Passe de Halfaya, alors que la route était ouverte, le trafic incessant et les tentatives continuelles quoique infruclueuses de déborder et d’intercepter l’ennemi, amenèrent la Huitième Armée à s’enfoncer profondément dans le désert en de vastes mouvements d’encerclement.  L’eau était rare, la nourriture se confinait à des biscuits et à la viande en conserve, les boissons n’existaient point; les oeufs étaient un rêve du passé et les vitamines de table remplaçaient les légumes.  Ce fut une époque de dure épreuve pour ce courage élevé qui se rit des plus grandes et inimaginables difficultés, et cette épreuve fut traversée par les Unités Juives avec l’étendard bien haut.

Les unités des sapeurs

Il n’y en avait que trois: les 601ème et 609ème «Pioneer Compagnies» et la 5ème Water Tank Coy (R.A.S.C.).  Les deux premières n’existent plus pour des raisons qui sont à leur honneur mais leur oeuvre ne peut être oubliée.  La première était constituée rie vétérans éprouvés.  En tant que 401ème Compagnie A.M.P.C., elle fut la première Unité Palestinienne à être formée.  Ses membres servirent en France et s’acquittèrent glorieusement de leur tâche à Saint-Malo.  Au cours de la débâcle française, ils furent évacués en Angleterre.  Retournant dans le Moyen-Orient, ils fournirent la plus grande partie du 51ême Grôupe du «Middle East Commando» et, autant que je le sache, forma la première Unité Palestinienne (bien que le terme «palestinien» n’ait jamais été mentionné) à figurer dans l’Histoire Officielle.  El à l’ouverture de la campagne de la Huitième Armée, ils comptaient le plus long record de temps de service sans être relevés (14 mois) que n’importe quelle unité dans le désert.  La 609ème compagnie avait été formée juste au moment de la défaite de Crète et évita donc le destin qui s’abattit sur ses compagnies-soeurs à l’exception de la 601ème.

Aussi singulier que cela puisse paraître pour d’humbles Sections de Sapeurs durant les semaines qui précédèrent l’ouverture de la campagne, il n’y avait, entre elles et un ennemi puissant et bien équipé, que des patrouilles blindées mobiles.  J’étais avec eux en leur disant: «Depuis aujourd’hui, la Huitième Armée passera à l’Histoire.  Aussi humbles que puissent paraître les missions qui vous auront été confiées, lorsque vous entendrez les exploits de cette armée, n’oubliez point ou ne manquez jamais de ressentir la fierté méritée du fait que vous en êtes une partie intégrante».

Dans la première poussée, la 601ème compagnie avança aussi loin que Tobrouk.  Comme par miracle, elle fui évacuée quelques jours avant que la ville ne tombe, à une date historique pour elle, le 15 Juin.  C’est en ce jour, en 1940, qu’elle fut évacuée de France.  C’est en ce jour en 1941, qu’elle fut évacuée de Buk-Buk face à l’avance allemande.  C’est en ce jour qu’elle fut évacuée aussi de Tobrouk pour quitter la Huitième Armée et, avec toutes les autres compagnies palestiniennes de sapeurs, elle fut dispersée pour être affectée à des tâches plus utiles.

La 5ème Water Tank Coy (R.A.S.C.), la seule unité palestinienne dans l’armée de Ritchie à avoir pris part aux deux campagnes et à la retraite intermédiaire, fut un signe avant-coureur des faits à venir.  Ce fut le jour de Kippour, en 1941, qu’ils quittèrent leur base pour le Service Actif qu’ils effectuèrent sans une pause jusqu’au moment où j’écris ces lignes.

Ils transportèrent dé l’eau à des distances aussi éloignées que Benghazi et une de leurs sections fut presque isolée là-bas.  Dans la retraite conséquente à la chute de Tobrouk ils se distinguèrent en devenant pratiquement la seule unité à ramener tous ses camions.  En fait, si l’on veut dire toute la vérité, ils ramenèrent même quelques véhicules abandonnés.  Ils devinrent un synonyme d’efficience pour la «bonne livraison des marchandises» et ils gagnèrent un surnom qui est le signe de l’efficience.  Ils furent populairement connus sous le nom de la «Cinquième Volante» (Flying Fifth).  Mais une chose était commune à toutes ces unités au début de la campagne: Leur Commandant, son second ainsi que gon Etat-Major étaient tous Britanniques.  Les unités palestiniennes n’avaient pas encore gagné leurs chevrons et avaient encore à être commandées par des officiers britanniques.  Ailleurs la remise du commandement à des officiers palestiniens avait eu lieu mais ici je me confine à parler de la Huitième Armée seulement.  Ses unités juives formaient une quantité inconnue et leurs capacités avaient encore à être éprouvées.

Camouflage et transport

De ce début peu prometteur naquirent les groupes qui devaient former la contribution des unités juives à la campagne victorieuse du Général Montgomery.  Après la chute de Tobrouk, la «Cinquième Volante» fut la seule à subsister des trois unités originaires.  Durant les jours critiques d’El Alamein, deux autres unités se joignirent à elle et remplirent leur part: la 738ème Artisan Works (R.E.), première unité palestinienne des Royal Éngineers et la seule à devenir complètement palestinienne, et la 1ère Camouflage Coy, R.E., unité d’opérations et, comme son nom l’indique, la première de son genre.  Lorsque, après la première percée victorieuse, Mr. Winston Churchill attribua cette victoire en partie au «brillant système de camouflage», il faisait allusion à l’oeuvre accomplie par cette unité.  Le récit officiel de la Bataille de l’Egypte décrit plus complètement une partie de leur travail dans le passage suivant: «L’équilibre favorable a été assuré non pas par les nouvelles tactiques britanniques seulement mais aussi par des surprises lactiques complètes.  Le 10ème corps consistant en deux divisions blindées et les divisions d’infanterie néo-zélandaises campant pour l’entraînement dans le Delta bien loin derrière les champs de bataille.  Autant que les reconnaissances aériennes ennemies pouvaient le constater, ces forces armées étaient encore là pour l’ennemi jusqu’au 22 Octobre, la veille de l’attaque.  Mais en fait, elles n’étaient plus là.  Tout le corps d’armée laissant derrière lui un camp mort avait été transféré vers les lignes du front».  Ces deux unités furent retirées: la 738ème Compagnie d’abord et la 1ère compagnie de camouflage après que la bataille eut été déclenchée; à part un petit détachement de cette dernière unité attaché durant la bataille au Quartier-Général de la 8ème Armée pour le camouflage et dont le personnel furent les premiers Palestiniens à porter l’insigne tant convoité de la 8ème Armée, elles ne prirent pas part à l’avance victorieuse.  Une petite unité palestinienne des Royal Engineers fut représentée aussi, ainsi qu’une unité de topographie qui prépare et remet les Cartes jusqu’au front, et une autre qui mérite et doit avoir une mention spéciale.

Mais pendant que le Général Montgomery était engagé dans ses fiévreuses préparations, une autre sorte de préparation se déroulait parmi les unités palestiniennes.  Les deux unités de Vétérans du R.A.S.C., les 5ème et 6ème Works Service Coy qui prirent part toutes deux à l’avance-éclair du Général Wavell, furent chacune divisée en deux et ces parts furent consolidées et transformées en compagnies de Transport général et devinrent complètement palestiniennes.  La 6ème Work Service Coy forma les 179ème et 462ème compagnies et la 5ème Work Service Coy devint les 178ème et 468ème compagnies.  Cette dernière reçut les personnes de grade médicalement inférieur et fut envoyée en Palestine.  Les autres furent préparées et équipées pour devenir des unités d’opérations.  Tout le cadre – Officier Commandant, son second et l’Etat-Major — était Palestinien.

La 5ème Water Tank Coy avait déjà subi ce changement.  Une autre compagnie similaire, la 11ème, fut formée selon l’ancien système et ne reçut son propre Officier Commandant qu’au milieu de la campagne.  La 1030èine Port Operating Coy, R.E., demeura avec son commandant britannique jusqu’à la fin de la bataille.

L’arrivée de la 462ème compagnie dans la Huitième Armée ne manqua pas de dramatique.  Elle se trouvait en Syrie quand Tobrouk tomba.  Elle transporta en nâte les Néo-Zélandais jusqu’aux voies ferrées, accourut en Egypte pour amener les Australiens en première ligne puis fut atachée à la 26ème Brigade Australienne.  Ce furent les premiers Palestiniens à servir comme troupes de brigade.  Là ils versèrent leur sang et connurent leurs premières pertes humaines, et non les dernières, et là, pour la première fois, contrairement aux stricts règlements militaires certains de leurs chauffeurs acceptèrent avec joie l’invitation des Australiens peu formalistes de se joindre à eux dans l’attaque.

Ainsi de gloire en gloire.  Un matin de Yom Kippour, ils reçurent l’ordre d’avancer.  L’aumonier à son réveil trouva comme plafond le ciel bleu et non sa tente, car les soldats le voyant endormi enlevèrent silencieusement la tente lorsqu’ils reçurent Tordre de transfert.  La 462ème Coy avait rejoint le 10ème Corps établissant un record militaire palestinien.

Résumons ces mois de préparation.

La veille de la bataille, les unités juives suivantes se trouvaient avec la Huitième Armée:

La «Cinquième Volante», la 462ème General Transport Coy, la moitié de la 179ème exécutant une besogne dangereuse très avant des lignes; la 1ère Camouflage Cy R.E.; l’Unité Topographique R.E. Attendant les ordres du Centre des Mobilisations, se trouvaient la 178ème Compagnie, la 11ème Water Tank Coy et l’autre moitié de la 179ème Coy.  La 1030ème Port Operating Cy, R.E., avait été rartîenée d’Akaba et se trouvait en Palestine dans l’attente.

Avec les Vainqueurs du Désert

ARTHUR Brejant correspondant permanent de l’Illustrated London News, commence ainsi sa revue de la Victoire Nord-Africaine:

“Honneur à ceux qui le méritent!  Si jamais victoire fut remportée, c’est bien en Tunisie.  Elle a été gagnée d’abord par cette merveilleuse Huitième Armée transformée, par un effort incessant, une expérience éprouvée et un brillant commandement, d’une compagnie d’amateurs héroïques, en une légion de vétérans professionnels capables d’être comparés et même de dépasser les troupes les plus brillantes du monde, une armée qui après toutes ses vicissitudes ouvrit les portes du désert, effectua une avance de 2000 milles environ et à l’extrême limite de sa fantastique ligne d’epprovisionnement força la puissante et apparemment infranchissable ligne du Mareth.

«Amateurs… transformés en «soldats professionnels» comme cette expression est exacte pour les diverses unités Palestiniennes qui furent appelées à remplir leur part dans la Victoire du Désert!  Amateurs, ils l’étaient dans chaque sens du terme et devinrent sans aucun doute de soldats professionnels endurcis.  Ils étaient amateurs infiniment plus que tout le reste de la Huitième Armée.  On ne distinguait pas en eux l’étoffe du militaire professionnel, pas plus qu’ils ne possédaient une longue tradition militaire.  A ces difficultés premières venaient s’ajouter d’autres non moins sérieuses: Les éléments fantastiquement hétérogènes que forme le Judaïsme Palestinien, citoyens et «Kibboutznik» (membres des «Kibboutzim» ou colonies collectivistes), originaires d’Allemagne et de Pologne, de Hongrie et de Roumanie, les Yéménites et les «Sabrés» (Juifs nés en Palestine); le caractère extrêmement individualiste du juif, tout particulièrement du Juif Libre de Palestine qui le rend moins volontairement apte à l’obéissance sans discussion et la discipline rigide; et enfin, le problème formidable des langues; mais en dépit de tous ces facteurs défavorables, ces amateurs devinrent des «soldats professionnels».

«C’était aussi, en vérité, une «ligne d’approvisionnement fantastique»; et pour maintenir cette ligne intacte on exigeait du «Transport général» l’adoption de mesures non moins «fantastiques».  C’est dans cette branche d’activité que tes Palestiniens montrèrent leur bravoure.

«La Victoire du Désert se divise en deux phases clairement définies: Depuis l’ouverture de l’attaque le 23 Octobre jusqu’à la rupture du front ennemi le 2 Novembre ce fut une attaque frontale dans le sens de la véritable tradition classique militaire à laquelle vient s’ajouter cette tactique géniale qui la rendit historique.  Depuis, et jusqu’à la fin, ce fut une poursuite incessante d’un ennemi battu mais non démoralisé, une tentative continue d’encerclement.  Ceux qui prirent part à cette poursuite peuvent témoignei des énormes difficultés qu’il fallut surmonter.  L’ennemi se retirait sur une route libre (à part les attaques aériennes) et unie — la fameuse Via Balbo — choisissant en fait des lignes de communication plus courtes encore.  Dans sa retraite, il détruisait les ponts, minait lés chemins, posait partout des pièges utilisant toutes les méthodes de retardement qu’un ennemi avisé et résolu peut imaginer.  A mesure qu’il reculait, nos lignes s’alongeaient sans cesse jusqu’à ce qu’il sembla qu’elles avaient atteint le maximum possible.  Et s’il existe vraiment une plainte qu’un Aumônier puisse formuler à son Créateur, c’est pour les facteurs atmosphériques qui ne cessèrent de favoriser l’ennemi — ciel sans nuage en France durant l’avance hitlérienne en Mai-Juin 1940 comparé aux pluies tout à fait imprévues dans la région de Martuba Usus en Janvier 1943, sans lesquelles Rommel dans sa fuite se serait déjà trouvé «dans le sac».

«En d’autres termes, ce fut une bataille d’approvisionnements et si, comme il a été établi, nos éléments avancés ne perdirent jamais contact avec l’arrière-garde ennemie, aucun hommage ne sera assez grand envers l’organisation de nos lignes de communication el d’approvisionnements.»

Le maintien des lignes vitales.

Telle fut la tâche des unités Palestiennes.  Las mais infatigables, épuisés mais inépuisables, farouches et déterminés ils apportaient à l’avant les vivres.  A travers les tempêtes de sable et la poussière, la boue et la pluie, par la route, la piste désertique, durant le jour et la nuit ils volaient à l’avant, battant tous les records de temps et les horaires fixes, leur va-et-vient continuel s’intensifiant à mesure que les besoins augmentaient.  Malgré l’immense supériorité aérienne de la R.A.F., la Luftwaffe n’était pas inactive.  Chaque unité eut ses pertes, à la suite des bombardements, de l’explosion des mines, des pièges, des accidents, et cette longue rouie, comme les cimetières militaires qui l’accompagnent, est semée de «Maghen David», mais «notre marche se poursuit à jamais quoique nous tombons un à un».

Ainsi que je l’ai dit, ce ne fut pas une oeuvre spectaculaire.  Elle ne l’ut marquée par aucun acte d’héroïsme exceptionnel.  C’était simplement des sacrifices physiques et spirituels, le labeur incessant qui demandait du coeur et de l’endurance au plus haut degré.  Une seule fois je vis une unité atteindre ce que je craignais être le point de rupture, mais une réunion, un chaleureux appel de l’Aumônier et du Commandant, une franche discussion d’homme à homme; et la crise fui surmontée.

Rommel décida de faire une halte à El Agheila.  La décision fut presque une bénédiction, si on peut employer ce terme, à notre système d’approvisionnement, tellement mis à contribution, et donnant une période – le temps de respirer – pour accélérer renvoi dos fournitures et encore de provisions pour la nouvelle phase de l’avance.  Cette période fut les beaux jours des unités palestiniennes.  La 1039ème Compagnie avait été amenée à Tobrouk (incidemment elle y tut transportée par une autre unité palestinienne) et se mil rapidement en action de sorte que le port fut bientôt en mesure d’être utilisé.  Ils déchargèrent ensuite les navires et la mission d’effectuer les chargements jusqu’à Benghazi fut confiée aux unites palestiniennes de transport.  Chacune d’entre elles prit part à cette étonnante procession de 24 heures par jour.  Des centaines de véhicules, conduits par des soldats juifs pouvaient être aperçus à n’importe quel moment du jour dans les deux directions de la «course» Tobrouk-Benghazi, transportant de la benzine, les rations d’eau, des hommes, munitions, tout en somme.  Dans cette concentration, ils furent faciles à remarquer.  C’est durant cette période qu’ils acquirent leur excellente réputation actuelle qui elevait être confirmée au cours des opérations suivantes.  Durant les opérations futures, ils furent également là.  De Benghazi, ils allèrent de l’avant jusqu’à Tripoli.  Quelques unités atteignirent ce but; deux d’entre elles avant que la campagne Nord-Africaine eut élé terminée furent choisies «pour un important rôle opérationnel» et furent envoyées à Malte en préparation du victorieux assaut contre la Sicile.  Un désastre s’abattit sur l’une d’elles qui eut à déplorer la perle de 140 d’entre ses hommes.

Mais en suivant les vicissitudes des diverses unités du R.A.S.C., on ne doit pas oublier l’honneur qui revint à la 1039ème Port Operating Company, R.E., la première unité palestinienne a atteindre Tripoli le 24 Janvier 1943, le lendemain de la capture de la ville par la victorieuse 8ème Armée.

________________________________________

A Glorious Epic

Jewish Troops in the Victory of the Desert

by Major L. RABINOVITZ, CF.,
Former Jewish Chaplain in Chief, Attached to the 8th Army.

The General Commander-in-Chief wishes to highlight the acts of bravery accomplished by the following:

Lieutenant H.A.T. Rosser (Royal Engineers), Sergeant Major E. Silberman, Corporal Y. Filar, Lance Corporal S. Reiser, Lance Corporal B. Klioth, Sapper S. Trebitsch and Sapper S. Gesusdheit forming part of the Palestinian Company in charge of Port operations.

“At about 14:00 hours, on April 14, 1943, the alarm was given following a fire that had broken out on board the vessel Ocean Strength carrying cans of benzine destined to be unloaded.  Lieutenant Rosser immediately rushed to the hatch with his fire extinguisher, ordering his men to follow him.  Without hesitation, they followed him to what appeared to be certain death.  One could see the smoke escaping from the bottom of the hold.  Lieutenant Rosser made his way through the smoke, lifting planks of wood and cans of benzine to reach the fire.  Having ordered the men who followed him to this part of the hold to operate the fire extinguishers in this place, he again approached to know exactly the location of the fire.  The flames reached the rear of the ship.  Lieutenant Rosser then asked the crew of a barge moored alongside the ship to pass the handle of its fire hose.  The boat had already sailed, but acting according to Lieutenant Rosser’s formal instructions, the crew brought it back to the sides of the boat and the fire hose, passing from hand to hand, was brought to the ship’s engine room.

“Sergeant-Major Silberman, Corporal Filar, and the other members above remained in the hold until the steam ejectors were put into action; it was only then that they received the order to leave the place.  Lance Corporal Reiser was the last man to come out of the hold at a time when the clouds of steam and smoke rising from the hold made it impossible to distinguish the human forms inside.

“Sergeant-Major Silberman and Corporal Filar stood out in particular, showing a fine example.  After leaving the hold, they worked to replace the removed beams and to cover the panels of the hatches.  Lieutenant Rosser’s conduct was a great demonstration of courage.  By his example, he incited his men to follow him in a hazardous enterprise and thus succeeded in controlling the fire.

“The General Commander-in-Chief orders that mention be made of this in Lieutenant Rosser’s “Service Records” and in the certificates of conduct of the other servicemen mentioned, pursuant to Articles 171 and 1818 (b) of the King’s Regulations, 1940.”

The above is an excerpt from the Eighth Army Orders of the Day, signed by General Sir Bernand Montgomery Law, K.C.B., D.S.O., and obviously refers to one of the Jewish Units that took part in his victorious campaign.  One could probably and without much difficulty find such commendable acts of bravery in the annals of war of the other Palestinian units that participated in the glorious exploits of this famous army.

However, one would give an entirely false and distorted idea of the essential work performed by these units, which acquired honor and glory, and gave “the blood, the sweat, the tears and the sorrows” which forged the victory.  I earnestly hope that the future historian of Palestinian Jewish volunteers for the War of Freedom will resist the temptation to represent these isolated acts (which are only possible when extraordinary opportunities arise) as typical or characteristic.  I hope he will refrain from representing this task as a succession of acts of bravery and heroic exploits of “frontline units” in “advance under a veritable burst of bombs and artillery fire” or adventures of high character.  Not only would it be wrong, but it would be a bad service to the less spectacular but no less impressive history of their practical achievements.

The “First” Eighth Army

The Eighth Army was not born with General Montgomery and no history of this formidable force and the Jewish Units that formed part of it can be complete without a reference to the Eighth Army before “Monty”.  His advances should not be recalled with disdain, and his reverses simply served to forge it into the powerful instrument that it became in his hands.  But there are special reasons for mentioning, the Jewish Units that took part in it, 1o.) For comparative purposes, 2o.) Because two of the three units ceased to exist.  They have gone out of history without receiving honors or being sung.  Honored, they must be and if we can not sing about them, it would be a mistake to leave the muse absolutely silent about them.

So let us review the Eighth Army of Cunningham and Ritchie, from November 1941 to July 1942, the advance of Sidi Barrani at El Agheila and the phased retirement from Gazala to El Alamein.

Without even trying to make a ridiculous and inappropriate comparison with the Eighth Army that succeeded it, it is necessary to emphasize that the technique of the desert war was much more characteristic of this Force than of that which succeeded it.  Solloum, Halfaya Pass and Bardia were solidly held by the Germans until mid-January 1942 and an attack along the coastal road was impracticable.  On any point between kilometer 62 after Mersa Matruh and Sidi Barrani, it was in a southerly direction [of] the complete desert and all trace of this road disappeared.  Through the desertless vastnesses without paths except for the multitudes of confused tracks created by the passage of thousands of vehicles, one gets “lost in the blue”.  A compass was the only safe guide, provided that the holder was an experienced navigator.  A railroad was for the lost as a lighthouse for the sailor aboard a wrecked ship, a telegraph wire for him was better then roads.  Even after the lifting of Tobruk’s siege and the consequent fall of the Halfaya Pass, while the road was open, the incessant traffic and the continual attempts, though subtle, to overflow and intercept the enemy, brought the Eighth Army to to sink deep into the desert in vast encirclement movements.  Water was scarce, food was confined to biscuits and canned meat, drinks did not exist; eggs were a dream of the past and table vitamins replaced vegetables.  It was a time of hardship for that high courage that laughs at the greatest and unimaginable difficulties, and this test was crossed by the Jewish Units with the high banner.

The Sapper Units

There were only three: the 601st and 609th “Pioneer Companies” and the 5th Water Tank Company (R.A.S.C.).  The first two no longer exist for reasons that are to their credit but their work can not be forgotten.  The first consisted of experienced veterans.  As 401st Company A.M.P.C., it was the first Palestinian unit to be formed.  Its members served in France and gloriously performed their task in Saint-Malo.  During the French debacle, they were evacuated to England.  Returning to the Middle East, they provided most of the 51st Group of the Middle East Commando and, as far as I know, formed the first Palestinian Unit (although the term “Palestinian” was never mentioned) to appear in the Official History.  At the opening of the Eighth Army campaign, they had the longest record of service time without being relieved (14 months) than any unit in the desert.  The 609th Company was formed just at the time of the defeat of Crete and therefore avoided the fate that fell on its sister companies with the exception of the 601st.

As peculiar as it may seem to humble Sappers’ Sections during the weeks preceding the opening of the campaign, there was only a mobile armored patrol between them and a powerful and well-equipped enemy.  I was with them saying: “Since today, the Eighth Army will go down in history.  As humble as the missions that may be entrusted to you may be, when you hear the exploits of this army, remember or never miss feeling the pride you deserve because you are an integral part of it.”

In the first push, the 601st company advanced as far as Tobruk.  Miraculously, it was evacuated a few days before the city fell, at a historic date for it, on June 15.  It was on this day, in 1940, that it was evacuated from France.  It was on this day in 1941 that it was evacuated from Buk-Buk in the face of the German advance.  It was on that day that it was also evacuated from Tobruk to leave the Eighth Army and, along with all the other Palestinian sapper companies, it was dispersed to work on more useful tasks.

The 5th Water Tank Company (R.A.S.C.), the only Palestinian unit in Ritchie’s army to take part in the two campaigns and the intermediate retreat, was a harbinger of future events.  It was on Yom Kippur in 1941 that they left their base for Active Service, which they did without a break until I wrote these lines.

They carried water from as far away as Benghazi and one of their sections was almost isolated there.  In the retreat consequent to the fall of Tobruk they distinguished themselves by becoming practically the only unit to bring back all its trucks.  In fact, if one wants to tell the whole truth, they even brought back some abandoned vehicles.  They became synonymous with efficiency for the “good delivery of goods” and they earned a nickname that is a sign of efficiency.  They were popularly known as the “Fifth Flying Fifth”.  But one thing was common to all these units at the beginning of the campaign: Their Commander, his second as well as the General Staff were all British.  Palestinian units had not yet won their chevrons and had yet to be commanded by British officers.  Elsewhere the handing over of command to Palestinian officers had taken place but here I confine myself to talking about the Eighth Army only.  Its Jewish units were an unknown quantity and their abilities still had to be tested.

Camouflage and Transport

From this unimportant beginning came the groups which were to form the contribution of the Jewish units to the victorious campaign of General Montgomery.  After the fall of Tobruk, the “Flying Fifth” was the only surviving of the three original units.  During the critical days of El Alamein, two other units joined it and filled their part: the 738th Artisan Works (R.E.), the first Palestinian unit of the Royal Engineers and the only one to become completely Palestinian, and the 1st Camouflage Company, R.E., unit of operations and, as its name suggests, the first of its kind.  When, after the first successful breakthrough, Mr. Winston Churchill attributed this victory in part to the “brilliant camouflage system”, he was referring to the work accomplished by this unit.  The official account of the Battle of Egypt describes more fully part of their work in the following passage: “The favorable equilibrium was secured not by the new British tactics only but also by complete lactic surprises.  The 10th Corps consisting of two armored divisions and New Zealand infantry divisions camping for training in the Delta far behind the battlefields.  As far as enemy air reconnaissance could see, these armed forces were still there for the enemy until 22 October, the day before the attack.  But in fact, they were no longer there.  All the corps leaving behind a dead camp had been transferred to the front lines.  These two units were withdrawn: the 738th Company first and the 1st camouflage company after the battle had been triggered; apart from a small detachment of this last unit attached during the battle to the Headquarters of the 8th Army for camouflage and whose staff were the first Palestinians to wear the coveted badge of the 8th Army; they did not take part in the victorious advance.  A small Palestinian unit of the Royal Engineers was also represented, as well as a surveying unit which prepares and delivers the Maps to the front, and another which deserves and must have a special mention.

But while General Montgomery was engaged in his feverish preparations, another kind of preparation was taking place among the Palestinian units.  The two Veterans units of the R.A.S.C., the 5th and 6th Works Service Companies, both of which took part in General Wavell’s advance, were each divided in two and these parts were consolidated and transformed into General Transport companies and became completely Palestinian.  The 6th Work Service Company formed the 179th and 462nd companies and the 5th Work Service Company became the 178th and 468th companies.  The latter received the medically inferior people and was sent to Palestine.

The 5th Water Tank Company had already undergone this change.  Another similar company, the 11th, was formed under the old system and only received its own commanding officer in the middle of the campaign.  The 1030th Port Operating Coy, R.E., remained with its British commander until the end of the battle.

The arrival of the 462nd Company in the Eighth Army did not lack drama.  It was in Syria when Tobruk fell.  It transported the New Zealanders to the railroad, flocked to Egypt to bring the Australians to the front line and was then assigned to the 26th Australian Brigade.  These were the first Palestinians to serve as brigade troops.  There they shed their blood and suffered their first human losses, not the last, and there, for the first time, contrary to the strict military regulations some of their drivers gladly accepted the invitation of the uninformed Australians to join them in the attack.

Thus from glory to glory.  One morning of Yom Kippur, they received the order to advance.  The chaplain at his awakening found the blue sky as his ceiling, not his tent, for the soldiers, seeing him asleep, silently removed the tent when they received the order of transfer.  The 462nd Company joined the 10th Corps establishing a Palestinian military record.

Let’s Summarize These Months of Preparation.

The day before the battle, the following Jewish units were with the Eighth Army:

The “Fifth Flying”, the 462nd General Transport Company, half of the 179th performing a dangerous job very much before the lines; the 1st Camouflage Company R.E .; the R.E. Topographic Unit Waiting for the orders of the Mobilization Center, were the 178th Company, the 11th Water Tank Company and the other half of the 179th Company.  The 1030th Port Operating Company, R.E., had been separated from Akaba and was in Palestine in expectation.

With the Desert Victors

ARTHUR Brejant permanent correspondent of the Illustrated London News, begins his review of the North African Victory:

“Honor to those who deserve it!  If ever victory was won, it is in Tunisia.  It was won first by this marvelous Eighth Army transformed, by an incessant effort, proven experience and a brilliant command, from a company of heroic amateurs, into a legion of professional veterans able to be compared and even to overcome the most brilliant troops in the world, an army that after all its vicissitudes opened the doors of the desert, made an advance of about 2,000 miles and at the extreme limit of its fantastic supply line forced the powerful and seemingly impassable line of the Mareth.

“Amateurs … turned into” professional soldiers” as this expression is accurate for the various Palestinian units that were called to fill their share in the Desert Victory!  Amateurs, they were in every sense of the word and undoubtedly became hardened professional soldiers.  They were amateurs much more than all the rest of the Eighth Army.  They did not distinguish the professional soldier’s stuff, nor did they have a long military tradition.  To these first difficulties were added others no less serious: The fantastically heterogeneous elements of Palestinian Judaism, citizens and “Kibbutznik” (members of “Kibbutzim” or collectivist colonies), originating in Germany and Poland, from Hungary and Romania, the Yemenis and the “Sabras” (Jews born in Palestine); the extremely individualistic character of the Jew, especially the Free Jew of Palestine who makes him less willingly able to obey without question and rigid discipline; and finally, the formidable problem of languages; but in spite of all these unfavorable factors, these amateurs became “professional soldiers”.

“It was also, in truth, a “fantastic supply line”; and in order to maintain this line intact the “General Transport” was required to adopt no less “fantastic” measures.  It is in this branch of activity that the Palestinians showed their bravery.

“The Desert Victory is divided into two clearly defined phases: From the opening of the attack on October 23 until the rupture of the enemy front on November 2, it was a frontal attack in the sense of the true classical military tradition in which is added to this great tactic that made it historic.  Since then, and until the end, it was a relentless pursuit of a defeated but undemoralized enemy, a continued attempt at encirclement.  Those who took part in this pursuit can testify to the enormous difficulties that had to be overcome.  The enemy withdrew on a free road (apart from air attacks) and united – the famous Via Balbo – choosing in fact shorter lines of communication.  In his retirement, he destroyed bridges, mined paths, set traps everywhere using all the methods of delay that an informed and resolute enemy can imagine.  As it receded, our lines were constantly lengthening until it seemed as if they had reached the maximum possible.  And if there really is a complaint that a Chaplain can formulate to his Creator, it is for the atmospheric factors that did not cease to favor the enemy – clear sky in France during the Hitler’s advance in May-June 1940 compared to the unexpected rains in the region of Martuba Usus in January 1943, without which Rommel in his flight would have been “in the bag”.

“In other words, it was a battle of supplies and if, as it was established, our advanced elements never lost contact with the enemy rearguard, no tribute will be great enough to the organization of our lines of communication and supplies.”

Maintaining Vital Lines

Such was the task of the Palestinian units.  Weary but indefatigable, exhausted but inexhaustible, fierce and determined, they brought food to the front.  Through sandstorms and dust, mud and rain, by the road, the desert track, during the day and the night they were flying in the front, beating all time records and fixed schedules, their going and continual increase as the needs increase.  Despite the immense air superiority of the R.A.F., the Luftwaffe was not inactive.  Each unit had its losses as a result of bombing, the explosion of mines, traps, accidents, and this long road, like the military cemeteries that accompany it, is strewn with “Magen David” but “our march goes on forever even though we fall one by one”.

As I said, it was not spectacular work.  It was not marked by any act of exceptional heroism.  It was simply physical and spiritual sacrifice, the incessant labor that required heart and endurance to the highest degree.  Once I saw a unit reach what I feared to be the breaking point, but a meeting, a warm call from the Chaplain and the Commander, a frank discussion from man to man; and the crisis was overcome.

Rommel decided to stop at El Agheila.  The decision was almost a blessing, if we can use that term, to our supply system, so much put to use, and giving a period – time to breathe – to speed up returning back of supplies and again provisions for the new phase of the advance.  This period was the heyday of Palestinian units.  The 1039th Company had been brought to Tobruk (incidentally it was transported there by another Palestinian unit) and moved quickly in action so that the port was soon able to be used.  They then unloaded the ships and the mission to carry the loadings to Benghazi was entrusted to the Palestinian transport units.  Each of them took part in this amazing procession of 24 hours a day.  Hundreds of vehicles, driven by Jewish soldiers could be seen at any time of the day in both directions of the Tobruk-Benghazi “race”, carrying fuel, rations of water, men, ammunition, all in all.  In this concentration, they were easy to notice.  It was during this period that they acquired their excellent current reputation which could be confirmed during subsequent operations.  During future operations, they were also there.  From Benghazi they went on to Tripoli.  Some units achieved this goal; two of them before the North African campaign was over were chosen “for an important operational role” and were sent to Malta in preparation for the victorious assault on Sicily.  A disaster fell on one of them who had to bemoan the jewel of 140 of its men.

But by following the vicissitudes of the various units of the R.A.S.C., we must not forget the honor that went to the 1039th Port Operating Company, R.E., the first Palestinian unit to reach Tripoli on January 24, 1943, the day after the capture of the city by the victorious 8th Army.

References

Cohen, Israel, Britain’s Nameless Ally, W.H. Allen & Co., Ltd., Publishers, 43, Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.2., 1942

Hirsowicz, Lukasz, The Third Reich and the Arab East (translated from the Polish)Routledge & K. Paul, London, England, 1966

van Paassen, Pierre, The Forgotten Ally, The Dial Press, New York, N.Y., 1943

The Jewish Brigade: Jewish Brigade’s Farewell: The Jewish Chronicle – June 28, 1946

With the disbandment of the Jewish Brigade in the summer of 1946, the following article appeared in The Jewish Chronicle on June 28 of that year:

JEWISH BRIGADE’S FAREWELL
Ceremonies in Brussels

Jews from all over Belgium assembled in Brussels last Sunday (reports Jewish World News) to bid farewell to the Jewish Brigade, who were to leave Belgium this week.  At the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the 9th Company of the Jewish Brigade formed a guard of honour, while their C.O., Brigadier Benjamin, placed a wreath there.  Then the members of the Brigade marched to the “Pier Nationale,” the spot where the Nazis executed members of the Jewish and Belgian Resistance Movements.

In the afternoon, the Brussels Jewish Community gave a farewell tea to the Brigade, at which Brussels Jewry’s deep gratitude was expressed to the Brigade for all it had done for the Jewish survivors in the early days following the liberation of Brussels and ever since.  The well-known Jewish artists Molly Picon and Jacob Kalisch, from New York, who are now touring Europe, were among those who took part in a programme of entertainment.

What was said to be the most imposing Jewish mass meeting ever held in Brussels, with an attendance of over three thousand, took place in the evening.  Representatives of the Belgian Government, including the Minister of Defence, were among those present.  The Chaplain of the Jewish Brigade, the Rev. M. Jaffe, C.F., recited the “El Mole Rachamim,” in memory of the members of the Brigade who had fallen in battle, and of the Jews who had perished in the ghettoes.

Brigadier Benjamin concluded the meeting with an address in which he praised the achievements of the Jewish Brigade during the battles in various theatres of war, and the moral uplift they had brought to the distressed Jewish remnants in the liberated countries.

The Jewish Brigade: A Day With the Jewish Brigade – On Occupation in the City of Tornai, by Georges Blumberg – Aufbau, September 7, 1945

“But they know that they fought for a scattered but living people and a sunny land waiting for them.”

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An the same day of publication as the article “Jüdische Brigade begleitet Palästina-Reisende” (“Jewish Brigade Accompanies Palestine Travelers”) – September 7, 1945 – Aufbau published a much lengthier piece by Georges Blumberg about Jewish Brigade soldiers then stationed in the Belgian city of Tournai.  Rather than focus on the experiences of Brigade members during wartime, the author instead presented several brief, somewhat enigmatic (yet all the more fascinating for the details that were left out) semi-biographical vignettes about Brigade soldiers, with a seeming focus on officers.  These comprised glimpses into their life histories with glimpses into their professional and educational backgrounds, and, their thoughts what they shared in common as Jews, despite their often vastly different life experiences and educational backgrounds.  Blumberg concludes his article with thoughts about the future of the Jewish people, in the (then) Yishuv, which would – not yet known in 1945 – in three years become the nation-state of Israel.

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Ein Tag mit der Jüdischen Brigade
Als Besatzung in der belgischen Stadt Tournai

Tournai in Belgien ist ein ziemlich grosser Ort, gerade gegenüber der französischen Grenze.  Es hat alles, was man von einer Stadt in diesem Teil der Welt erwartet: ein Viertel, das von der Luftwaffe 1940 in Grund und Boden geblitzt wurde, eine Eisenbahnstation, die durch die Bombardierungen der Alliierten 1944 in Trümmer gelegt wurde, Fabriken, eine schöne, alte Kathedrale und Kasernen.

Vor dem Krieg war es die Garnison eines belgischen Regimentes; jetzt ist ein Bataillon der Jüdischen Brigade hier einquartiert.  Der grösste Teil der Brigade ist bereits weiter nach Holland marschiert.  Daher sieht man nur wenige Soldaten auf den verlassenen Strassen.  Wir treffen einen — einen kleinen Burschen.  Er scheint gefeiert zu haben und singt aus voller Kehle ein russisches Lied “Moyi dieti zadurieli” (Meine Kinder sind verrückt geworden).  “Warum?”, fragen wir ihn.  Zuerst scheint er überrascht, von einem “Amerikaner” auf Russisch angesprochen zu werden, aber etwas Jiddisch und Hebräisch helfen weiter.  Er entschuldigt sich: “ich habe ein bisschen getrunken!…  “ und er zeigt eine Flasche Branntwein, die er unter der Jacke seiner Uniform versteckt hatte.  “Weisst Du, meine ganze Familie ist in Polen geblieben.  Ich war auch in Polen, war Soldat in der polnischen Armee.  1939 wurden wir von den Russen gefangen genommen und in ein Kriegsgefangenenlager in Sibirien geschickt.” “War’s dort schlimm?” — “Na, gut kann’s doch nicht sein.” — “Aber ,sie bist Du nach Palästina und in die Brigade gekommen?” — “Frag’ lieber nicht.” — Wir fragten also nicht.

Wir gehen zusammen weiter zum Roten Kreuz Club.  Zwei jüdische Militärpolizisten sitzen dort und sehen sehr amtlich aus.  Nein, sie glauben nicht, dass die neue englische Regierung die Palästina-Politik ändern wird.  Aber sie sind nicht dazu aufgelegt, Politik zu diskutieren.  Am meisten interessiert sie, was mit der Brigade geschehen wird.  Jezt werden sie nach Holland geschickt, um SS-Gefangene zu bewachen — es scheint aber, dass sie gerade so gern wieder nach Hause gehen würden.  Sie sind Soldaten, wie alle anderen.

“Die Juden kommen!”

Tournai bei Nacht hat naturlich mit Paris bei Nacht gar kein Aehnlichkeit, Aber unsere Soldaten haben doch Rendezvous mit der Mädchen, sie tanzen und scheine mit der lokalen Bevölkerung sehr gut auszukommen.  “Wir denken ja alle gleich über die Deutschen,” sagt einer.

Als die Brigade auf ihrem Weg von Italien nach Belgien durch Deutschland fuhr, waren ihre Last wagen mit Aufschriften bemalt. “Die Juden kommen – kein Volk, kein Führer, kein Reich.”

“Heute ist V-J Tag”, sagt junger Leutnant.  “Du weisst doch dass das heisst ‘Victory for the Jews’”.  — “Du meinst ‘Victory over the Jews’, entgegnet ein alterer Captain.  Das reicht aber nicht, um eine politische Diskussion anzuregen.  Hier gibt es keine politischen Diskussionen; es ist eine Offiziers-Messe, wie alle anderen Offiziers-Messen, mit Witzen Kartenspielen, Getränken und Fachsimpelei.  Einige sehen sehr englisch aus, und die meisten Palästinenser sehen überhaupt nicht jüdisch aus.  Man muss sich mit Gewalt daran erinnern, dass die um den Tisch sitzenden Männer in Wien, Warschau, Prag, Wilna und Jerusalem geboren wurden.  Ein paar sind in Palästina geboren, einige kamen als kleine Jungen aus Russland und Polen dorthin, einige wenige wanderten erst kurz vor dem Kriege ein.  Aber alle sprechen das gleiche fliessende Hebräisch, auch Englisch, Jiddisch und oft Russisch.  Es bleibt also kein Zweifel, dass die ganze Gesellschaft jüdisch ist.

Manche haben ein leichtes Leben gehabt; sie waren in Europa, um Medizin oder Technik zu studieren.  Einige haben in Palästina das abenteuerreiche, arbeitsschwere aber doch sorgenlose Leben des freien Immigranten geführt.  Sie waren nacheinander Turnlehrer, Zeitungsverkäufer, Kellner, Metzger, Bäcker und Kerzen dreher.  Sie haben in Steinbrüchen und im Strassenbau gearbeitet.  Jetzt sind sie Offiziere, und dazu noch sehr typische.  Die Soldaten grüssen sie stramm, und schneidig erwidern sie den Gruss.

Jüdische Kanonen

Einer zeigt mir die Baracken.  “Hast Du schon einmal eine jüdische Kanone gesehen?”  Sie haben hier wirklich die Fünfundzwanzig-Pfünder von der Brigade-Artillerie, gerade in einer Reihe aufgestellt, sauber, zugedeckt.  Sie haben auch eine koschere Küche für die 57 Mann im Bataillon, die auf koscheres Essen bestehen.  Aber die Langeweile beim Schälen die koscheren Kartoffeln ist der im anstossenden unkoscheren Raum sehr ähnlich.  Wir fragen, ob und wie die koscher Essenden sich von den anderen unterscheiden.  ‘‘Die Orthodoxen kämpfen noch fanatischer”, sagt unser Offizier.

Soldaten kommen mit verschiedenen Anliegen.  Natürlich sagen sie “Adoni” statt “Sir”, aber wie sie stramm stehen und worüber sie reden — alles hat ganz gewöhnlich militärischen Charakter.

Die jüdische Brigade ist nicht rein palästinensisch.  Sie hat eine kleine Beimischung von englischen Offizieren und Soldaten.  Der da muss auch ein Engländer sein.  Er ist über sechs Fuss gross, ist rothaarig und -häutig, mit riesigem Kopf, Händen und Füssen.  Er sieht massiger aus als der Jeep, den er lenkt und seine Kehllaute hören sich kaledonisch an.  Er wohnt in Glasgow und wurde in Irland geboren.  Wie er in die Brigade gekommen ist?  “Achtunddreissig Jahre lang versuchte ich, in die englische Marine hineinzukommen — sie wollten mich nicht haben, weil meine Eltern Russen sind.  Mein Name ist Goldie.  Ian Goldie.  Ian bedeutet Israel”.  Das ist also unser Schotte!

Einer der Offiziere sieht sehr jüdisch aus.  Und gerade er hat die aller-englischste Aussprache.  Er ist englischer Jude — Zionist.  Ich frage ihn, was er für Nachkriegs-Pläne hat.  “Zurückgehen in mein Rechtsanwaltsbüro in London”, ist die Antwort.

Hoffnung auf eine jüdische Armee

Keiner der Offiziere der Brigade nahm das Wort “Zionismus” auch nur in den Mund.  Sie haben über die letzte zionistisch – politische Entwicklung keine Kommentare zu geben.  Palästina ist ihr Land und das Land aller Juden; das ist eine Selbstverständlichkeit.  Was sie interessiert, sind nicht politische Probleme, sondern die Probleme des täglichen Lebens: wie man Arbeit und Heimstätten für die zurückkehrenden Soldaten in Palästina schaffen kann.  Ein paar hoffen, in der Armee bleiben zu können, d. h. wenn es eine Jüdische Armee geben wird.  Sie vor trauen darauf, dass die Männer der Brigade zusammenhalten und ihre Probleme gemeinsam lösen werden.

Die Jüdische Brigade zieht weiter nach Holland.  Dort wird sie zwischen der Nordsee und der Zuydersee stationiert sein, “be malkhut ale yam Arpalli” (im Bereich des nebel dräuenden Meeres), wie ein hebräischer Dichter sagt.  Das ist ungefähr so weit, wie ein Ort in Europa von Palästina nur entfernt sein kann, und in einem Land, in dem nur ein Jude unter zehn am Leben blieb.  Aber sie wissen, dass sie für ein verstreutes, aber lebendiges Volk und für ein sonniges Land, das auf sie wartet, gekämpft haben.

Georges Blumberg

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A Day With the Jewish Brigade
On Occupation in the Belgian City of Tournai

Aufbau
September 7, 1945

Tournai in Belgium is a pretty big place, just opposite the French border.  It has everything one expects of a city in this part of the world: a quarter that was flattened by the German Air Force in 1940, a railroad station that was shattered by the Allied bombing in 1944, factories, one beautiful old cathedral, and barracks.

Before the war it was the garrison of a Belgian regiment; now a battalion of the Jewish Brigade is quartered here.  Most of the brigade has already marched on to Holland.  Therefore, only a few soldiers can be seen on the deserted streets.  We meet one – a small guy.  He seems to have celebrated and sings out of his throat a Russian song “Moyi dieti zadurieli” (My children have gone crazy).  “Why?”  We ask him.  At first he seems surprised to be addressed by an “American” in Russian, but some Yiddish and Hebrew continue to help.  He apologizes: “I had a bit of a drink!…” and he shows a bottle of brandy, which he had hidden under the jacket of his uniform.  “You know, my whole family stayed in Poland.  I was also in Poland; was a soldier in the Polish army.  In 1939 we were captured by the Russians and sent to a POW camp in Siberia.”  “Was it bad there?”  –  “Well, well, it can not be.” — “But you came to Palestine and the brigade?”  –  “Do not ask.”  –  So we did not ask.

We continue together to the Red Cross Club.  Two Jewish military police sit there and look very official.  No, they do not believe that the new British government will change the Palestine policy.  But they are not inclined to discuss politics.  They are most interested in what’s going to happen to the brigade. Now they are sent to Holland to guard S.S. prisoners – but it seems that they would love to go home.  They are soldiers, like everyone else.

“The Jews Are Coming!”

Tournai at night, of course, has no resemblance to Paris at night, but our soldiers have rendezvous with the girls, they dance and seem to get along very well with the local population.  “We all think the same about the Germans,” says one.

When the brigade was driving through Germany on their way from Italy to Belgium, their trucks were painted with inscriptions.  “The Jews are coming – no people, no leaders, no empires.”

“Today is V-J day,” says the young lieutenant.  “You know that means Victory for the Jews.”  “You mean Victory over the Jews,” replies an older Captain.  But that’s not enough to stimulate political discussion.  There are no political discussions here; it’s an officer’s mess like all other officer fairs, with jokes playing cards, drinks and shop talk.  Some look very English, and most Palestinians do not look Jewish at all.  It is necessary to remember by force that the men sitting around the table were born in Vienna, Warsaw, Prague, Vilna and Jerusalem.  A few were born in Palestine, some came there as little boys from Russia and Poland, a few immigrated shortly before the war.  But all speak the same flowing Hebrew, also English, Yiddish and often Russian.  So there is no doubt that the whole society is Jewish.

Some have had an easy life; they were in Europe to study medicine or technology.  Some have led the adventurous, hard-working but carefree life of the free immigrant in Palestine.  They were successively gymnastic teachers, newspaper sellers, waiters, butchers, bakers, and candle makers.  They worked in quarries and in road construction.  Now they are officers, and very typical.  The soldiers greet them tightly, and they swiftly reciprocate the greeting.

Jewish Cannon

One shows me the barracks.  “Have you ever seen a Jewish cannon?”  They’ve really set up the Twenty-Five Pounders of the Brigade Artillery, straight in a row, clean, covered.  They also have a kosher kitchen for the 57 men in the battalion who insist on kosher food.  But the boredom when peeling the kosher potatoes is very similar to that in the adjoining non-kosher room.  We ask if and how kosher people are different from others.  “The Orthodox are fighting even more fanatically,” says our officer.

Soldiers come with different concerns.  Of course, they say “Adoni” instead of “sir”, but how they stand and talk about what they are talking about – everything is usually of a military nature.

The Jewish Brigade is not purely Palestinian.  It has a little admixture of English officers and soldiers.  One must be an Englishman.  He is over six feet tall, red-haired and -skinned, with a huge head, hands and feet.  He looks more massive than the jeep he steers and his jeers sound Caledonian.  He lives in Glasgow and was born in Ireland.  How did he get into the brigade?  “For thirty-eight years I tried to get into the British Navy – they did not want me because my parents are Russians.  My name is Goldie.  Ian Goldie.  Ian means Israel.”  So that’s our Scot!

One of the officers looks very Jewish.  And he has the most English-speaking pronunciation.  He is an English Jew – Zionist.  I ask him what he has for post-war plans.  “Going back to my law office in London” is the answer.

Hope for a Jewish army

None of the officers of the brigade even took the word “Zionism” into their mouths.  They do not have to comment on the last Zionist political development.  Palestine is their land and the land of all Jews; that is a matter of course.  What interests them are not political problems but the problems of daily life: how to create work and homes for the returning soldiers in Palestine.  Some hope to stay in the army, i.e. if there will be a Jewish army.  They trust that the men of the brigade will stick together and solve their problems together.

The Jewish Brigade moves on to Holland.  There it will be stationed between the North Sea and the Zuiderzee, “be malkhut ale yam Arpalli” (in the area of the mist-drenched sea), as a Hebrew poet says.  This is about as far as a place in Europe can be removed from Palestine, and in a country where only one Jew under ten remained alive.  But they know that they fought for a scattered but living people and a sunny land waiting for them.

Georges Blumberg

The Jewish Brigade: Images of Unknown Soldiers

So, here are some images of soldiers of the Jewish Brigade.  There are doubtless many (many) yet-unknown photos of Brigade soldiers in private collections, let alone historical archives in Israel, England, Italy, the United States, and other nations.  However, motion pictures of Jewish Brigade soldiers in training and battle, at rest and religious services, and honoring fallen comrades, can be viewed in at least four videos.  (Perhaps there are others?)  These films comprise the following:

Jewish Infantry Brigade of the British 8th Army – Faenza area, Italy, March 27 – 29, 1945 (duration 7:59; 240 x 320 pixels)
Additional information: 
Department of Defense.  Department of the Army.  Office of the Chief Signal Officer.
(09/18/1947 – 02/28/1964)
ARC Identifier 17581 / Local Identifier 111-ADC-3778 1945
Uploaded to Archive.org 4/24/10
Via NARA – The United States National Archives and Records Administration

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Road to Liberty – Based on the Story of the Jewish Brigade Group (duration 10:54; 240 x 320 pixels)
Additional information:

Produced 1946
Alexander Films [S.A.] Production; Written and Commentated by Norman Lourie
Photography by Sascha Alexander
Music Arranged by De Wolfe
Via The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive at University of Jerusalem

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Jewish Infantry Brigade of British 8th Army 220663-02 (duration 9:29; 360 x 480 pixels)
Additional information:

Jewish Infantry Brigade of British 8th Army, 23-28 Mar 1945
Information on opening slate: CM Tischler, Jewish Infantry Brigade, 28 Mar 1945.
Via Footage Farm

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Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive (duration 5:04; 240 x 320 pixels)
via Alex H’s Video Channel at Daily Motion 

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Having viewed all these productions, the two best films in terms (in publicly available digital format, at least) are “Road to Liberty”, and, “Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive”.  Between these two videos I’ve identified four sequences which feature images of Brigade soldiers to their best advantage, in terms of lighting, focus, and primarily, subject matter.  (I know this is a subjective call, but I think I’ve made a good judgement here!)  These comprise: 1) A group of soldiers near Faenza, Italy, on March 27-29, 1945, 2) Soldiers guarding German POWs somewhere in Italy, presumably in April, 1945, 3) A group of soldiers applying camouflage face-paint, probably prior to a patrol, and 4) Soldiers attending a Seder during the late afternoon of March 28, 1945.

And so…  Twenty-one screen-grabs captured from “Road to Liberty”, and, “Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive”, arranged in order of the four sequences listed above, are shown below.  Each image includes the URL of the relevant video (“Road to Liberty” is at YouTube, while “Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive” is at Vimeo), and, the elapsed time in the video where the image can be found.  Since the same scenes appear in both videos, I’ve taken the best screen-grab, regardless of whether the image is from “Road to Liberty” or “Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive”.

And, so…  Other than the quite self-evident fact that all these men were members of the Jewish Brigade; were infantrymen, I know absolutely nothing about them.  The films do not include audio, and, written information about the men – in terms of stills of hand-held placards or close-ups of documents – is absent.  And so, the men’s fates are unknown.

Were any of these men killed in action?  I don’t know.

Were any of them men wounded?  I have no idea.

Did any receive military awards?  Of this I have no knowledge.

What became of them after 1945?  This is unknown.

If any of these soldiers were from the Yishuv (I’m certain more than a few were), did they participate in Israel’s war of Survival in 1948, let alone in 1956, 1967, or 1973?  No idea, but for this question, I think the answer would be yes, at least through 1973.

Postwar, did any of them ever write or record anything about their experiences, for publication, for their families, or simply for posterity – “for the record”? 

I don’t know.  But, I hope so.

 

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Sharing a light.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 1:49

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(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 1:51

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(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to LibertyHebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 6:14

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Laughing at something.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 2:00

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Attention diverted.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 2:14

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Helmet off for a moment.

(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 6:17

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Looking at the photographer. (I)

(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 6:15

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Looking at the photographer.  (II)

(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) – at 6:15

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Driving a Bren Gun Carrier.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 4:14

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Taking a pause after battle.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 00:28

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Taking a break after battle.

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 00:32

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Guarding German POWs. – I

(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) – at 7:50 Narration: “This Jewish guard was himself once in a German camp.”

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Guarding German POWs. – II

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 4:29

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Guarding German POWs. – III

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 4:29

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Guarding German POWs. – IV

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) – at 4:42

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Guarding German POWs. – V

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 4:56

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Camouflage (before a patrol?)

(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 7:00

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(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 7:03

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(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 7:05

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(The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive – Road to Liberty / Hebrew University of Jerusalem / March 25, 2010) at 7:07

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At Pesach, 1945

(Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive / Alex H / 2007) at 2:59

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Another still, but not from a movie:  This photograph, showing Jewish Brigade troops riding atop a Churchill tank on March 14, 1945, appeared in the photo section of the Forvarts on November 11, 1945.  

Typical of pictures in the photo section of the Forvarts, the caption appeared in Yiddish and English, with the latter given below:

“PERTINENT TO THE JEWISH CASE in the Palestine dispute is this wartime picture.  Showing a patrol of the Jewish Brigade on the Italian front during the recent world conflict, it is but a very small token of Palestine Jewry’s great contribution to the British war effort.  Arab leaders opposing unrestricted Jewish immigration into Palestine helped the Allied cause only by not giving aid to the enemy, as the Mufti [Haj Amin al-Husseini] and his fellow traitors had done.  (Photo from British Information Services).”

And, the original image appears below…

THE BRITISH ARMY IN ITALY 1945 (NA 23041) ‘A’ Company, 1st Battalion of the Jewish Brigade ride on a Churchill tank in the Mezzano-Alfonsine sector, 14 March 1945. Copyright: © IWM. Original Source: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205204759

Bibliography and Filmography

Books…

Chamberlain, Peter, and Ellis, Chris, British and American Tanks of World War II, Arco Publishing Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1975

Lifshitz, Jacob (יעקב, ליפשיץ), The Book of the Jewish Brigade: The History of the Jewish Brigade Fighting and Rescuing [in] the Diaspora (Sefer ha-Brigadah ha-Yehudit: ḳorot ha-ḥaṭivah ha-Yehudit ha-loḥemet ṿeha-matsilah et hagolah ((גולהה קורות החטיבה היהודית הלוחמת והמצילה אתספר הבריגדה היהודית)), Shim’oni (שמעוני), Tel-Aviv, 1950

Morris, Henry, Edited by Gerald Smith, We Will Remember Them – A Record of the Jews Who Died in the Armed Forces of the Crown 1939 – 1945, Brassey’s, United Kingdom, London, 1989

Morris, Henry, Edited by Hilary Halter, We Will Remember Them – A Record of the Jews Who Died in the Armed Forces of the Crown 1939 – 1945 – An Addendum, AJEX, United Kingdom, London, 1994

…and Films

Jewish Infantry Brigade of the British 8th Army – Faenza area, Italy, March 27 – 29, 1945 (duration 7:59)
Department of Defense. Department of the Army.  
Office of the Chief Signal Officer.
(09/18/1947 – 02/28/1964)
ARC Identifier 17581 / Local Identifier 111-ADC-3778 1945
Uploaded 4/24/10
National Archives and Records Administration

Road to Liberty – Based on the Story of the Jewish Brigade Group (duration 10:54)
1946

Alexander Films [S.A.] Production; Written and Commentated by Norman Lourie
Photography by Sascha Alexander
Music Arranged by De Wolfe
The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive at University of Jerusalem

Jewish Infantry Brigade of British 8th Army 220663-02 (duration 9:29)
Footage Farm

(WWII – 1945, Italy:  Jewish Infantry Brigade of British 8th Army, 23-28 March 1945)
Slate in English: C.M. Tischler, Jewish Infantry Brigade, 28 March 1945.
12:06:36  Close-Up door of back of truck, stenciled:  COMD 81. Caution Right Hand Drive.  w/ Star of David on right.  MLS w/ officers talking beside table in wooded area looking at maps, rear of truck from previous shot on right.  2 men out w/ maps on boards, put down on table & inspect.
12:07:18  Low angle, British Brigadier General Ernest Benjamin on left w/ monocle, smokes & looks at board,  wearing Star of David patch talking w/ two others w/ Jewish Infantry Brigade patches.
12:07:55  High angle, jeep driving up mountain road, stop & the three officers get out w/ maps, look at terrain & maps.  Tilt up tall mountain range. 
12:08:55  Medium Close-Up 2 officers, Close-Up Gen. Benjamin & insignia w/ Star of David. 
12:09:13  Soldiers loading & firing from camouflaged artillery battery into mountains.  Medium Close-Up Sergeant draws Star of David on shell case.  Gun fired, loading & fired again.
12:10:43  Slate in Hebrew & English.  C.M. Tischler, Jewish Infantry Brigade, 24 March 1945.
12:11:01  Armored convoy of motorcycles, tracked vehicles & trucks carrying waving troops past olive grove & house.  Trucks w/ troops up & past, V for Victory signs.  Stars of David on truck bumpers.  Soldier on sentry duty by flag-pole.  Flag has Star of David.  Close-Ups Star of David on military vehicles.
12:14:51  Slate in English:  C.M. Tischler, Jewish Infantry Brigade, 23 March 1945/  Two soldiers past war graves in cemetery.  Sign:  Plot 4 Jewish Burials.  Two men walk among graves w/ Star of David markers.  Close-Up marker for M. Zilberberg, Jewish Bn. Palestine Regiment, 20 March 1945, killed in action.

Jewish Brigade – Brigade juive (duration 5:04)
Alex H’s Video Channel at Daily Motion

d’archives rares de la brigade juive en Europe
La Brigade juive était une unité combattante dans la 8e armée britannique composée de volontaires juifs de Palestine qui combattit durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale aux côtés des Alliés contre les puissances de l’Axe.les sioniste on combattu le fascisme et le nazime et les force vichy au coté des alliés dans l’armée anglaise…pendant que la “legion arabe” du grand mufti de jerusalem, composé exclusivement de volontaires, combattaient dans les rang la SS musulmane Handschar, sous l’uniforme nazi…

“Rare archives of the Jewish brigade in Europe.”
“The Jewish Brigade was a fighting unit in the British 8th Army made up of Jewish volunteers from Palestine that fought in WWII alongside the Allies against the Axis powers.  Zionists fought against fascism and the Nazim and the Vichy forces. alongside the allies in the English army … while the “Arab legion” of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, composed exclusively of volunteers, fought in the ranks the Muslim SS Handschar, in Nazi uniform …”

The Jewish Brigade: Jewish Brigade Accompanies Palestine Travelers – Aufbau, September 7, 1945

On the last day of August in 1945, the JTA – the Jewish Telegraphic Agency – issued a News Bulletin which carried a news item detailing the postwar work of members of the Jewish Brigade in conveying Jewish refugees from Europe to the Yishuv, and, South America.  This occurred in cooperation with Allied authorities in Brussels, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (otherwise known as the Joint or JDC, the Jewish Agency, and HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society).  (HIAS, now a 501(c)(3), has changed dramatically in ethos since 1945 – as explained here and here – now in 2021 being a “Jewish” organization in title only.)

Just a week later, on September 7, 1945, a shortened German-language version of JTA’s press release was published in Aufbau.  A transcript of the news item is given below, followed by the  and then, an English-language translation of that item.  

The article is reflective of the postwar transformation of the Jewish Brigade’s role, from one of warfare, to that – unofficially but effectively – of rescue, relief, and reconstruction of the Jewish future. 

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Trucks of Jewish Brigade Bring Jews from Belgium to France for Palestine Sailing

JTA Daily News Bulletin

Volume XII, No. 200, Friday, August 31, 1945

Twenty trucks of the Jewish Brigade, led by Major T. Kaspi, arrived here today from Brussels with more than 200 Jews from Belgium who were liberated from camps in Germany and who are planning to sail from Marseille for Palestine.

The steamer on which the liberated Jews will travel will also carry about 300 other Jews to Palestine, including 360 from Switzerland, 204 from France and about 200 from various camps in Germany and from an UNRRA camp at Philippeville, Algeria.  Allied military authorities in Brussels made it possible for the Jewish Brigade to bring the Jews from Belgium to Paris where they will stay in the Hotel Lutetia, maintained by the French Ministry for Repatriated Deportees, until they leave for Marseille from where they will sail on September 2nd.

The Hias-Ica [a misprint – should read “HIAS-ICA”] office here today reports that the very complicated arrangements for the departure of the approximately 1,000 Jewish emigrants were made by the Hias-Ica [sic] in cooperation with the French, American and British authorities and with the aid of the Joint Distribution Committee and the Jewish Agency for Palestine.  Thanks to the sympathetic cooperation of the French authorities, every emigrant will receive en route to Marseille hot beverages and a sufficient quantity of food without ration cards.

(A small group of Jewish survivors has left Marseille on the first French boat to sail directly from France to South America since the country’s liberation, according to a cable received today from Paris by Ilja Dijour, executive secretary of the HIAS-ICA headquarters in New York.)

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Here’s the German-language summary of the item, as it appeared in Aufbau

Jüdische Brigade begleitet Palästina-Reisende

In Paris sind unter Führung von Major T. Kaspi zwanzig Lastwagen der Jüdischen Brigade aus Brüssel eingetroffen, die über 200 Juden aus Belgien — ehemalige Insassen deutscher Konzentrationslager — nach Frankreich brachten.  Diese sollen von Marseille nach Palästina ausreisen.  Ihr Dampfer nimmt ferner rund 800 Juden mit, davon 360 aus der Schweiz, 240 aus Frankreich und etwa 200 Juden aus verschiedenen deutschen Lagern und dem UNRRA-Lager Philippeville in Algerien.

Die alliierten Militärbehörden in Brüssel ermöglichten es der Jüdischen Brigade, die Juden von Belgien nach Paris zu transportieren, wo sie einstweilen im Hotel Lutetia untergebracht wurden, das dem französischen Ministerium für die Gefangenen, Deportierten und Repatriierten untersteht.  Ihre Abreise von Marseille war für den 2. September vorgesehen.  Das hiesige Büro der HIAS berichtet, dass sie die langwierigen Verhandlungen für den Abtransport der rund 1000 jüdischen Palästina – Emigranten im Zusammenwirken mit dem Joint und französischen, amerikanischen und britischen Behörden, erfolgreich zum Abschluss bringen konnte.

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…and, an English-language translation:

Jewish Brigade Accompanies Palestine Travelers

Under the leadership of Major T. Kaspi, twenty lorries of the Jewish Brigade from Brussels arrived in Paris, bringing more than 200 Jews from Belgium – former inmates of German concentration camps – to France.  These are to leave Marseille for Palestine.  Their steamer also carries around 800 Jews, including 360 from Switzerland, 240 from France and about 200 Jews from various German camps and the UNRRA Philippeville camp in Algeria.

The Allied military authorities in Brussels enabled the Jewish Brigade to transport the Jews from Belgium to Paris, where they were temporarily housed in the Hotel Lutetia, which reports to the French Ministry of Prisoners, Deportees and Repatriates.  Her departure from Marseille was scheduled for 2 September.  The local HIAS office reported that it was able to successfully conclude the lengthy negotiations for the removal of the approximately 1,000 Jewish Palestinians – emigrants in cooperation with the Joint and French, American and British authorities.

The Jewish Brigade: With the Jewish Brigade to Austria, by PFC Hans Lichtwitz – Aufbau, June 15, 1945

“Die Juden kommen!”
“The Jews are coming!”

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“Kamerad, hast du vielleicht eiene Zigarette?”
“Ich bin kein Kamerad, ich bin ein Jude.”

“Comrade, do you have a cigarette?”
“I’m not a comrade, I’m a Jew.”

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It is Erev Shabbat – the Jewish refugees have invited us to a celebration.
The rabbi of the brigade has come and brought a sefer Torah.
We are six soldiers of the brigade and two Jewish soldiers of the English garrison.
The tables are covered in white.
During prayer, most of them break out in a shattering sob.
You can not believe it:
a Jewish officer prays,
Jewish soldiers in their midst,
they themselves free.

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On June 15, 1945, Aufbau published the second of Pfc Hans Lichtwitz’s articles about the experiences and impressions of Jewish Brigade soldiers just before, and shortly after, the end of the Second World War in Europe.  The author’s photo, from Aufbau’s October 19, 1945 issue, is seen below. 

Unser Mitarbeiter Pvt. Hans Lichtwitz von der Jüdischen Brigade

Das Bild zeigt Pvt. Lichtwitz bei einem Besuch im Displaced Persons-Lager in Oberammergau

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Our employee Pvt. Hans Lichtwitz from the Jewish Brigade
The picture shows Pvt. Lichtwitz during a visit to the Displaced Persons camp in Oberammergau

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In this substantive and meaningful piece of reporting (filed from Klagenfurt, Austria), Lichtwitz focuses on post-surrender encounters – typically of a very brief yet emotionally laden and highly symbolic nature – with members of the S.S., Wermacht, and civilians in southern Austria and northern Italy.  There’s a very revealing and psychologically astute account of Lichtwitz’s encounter with the Austrian crew of a railroad train, during which – and probably long after – he pondered just what, exactly, these men did during the war.  (He didn’t ask; they didn’t say.)  Then a description of the scale and nature of physical devastation caused by the war, and, the movement of masses of people of different nationalities (refugees, former prisoners of war, and liberated slave laborers) through that city.  (To home?  To where?)  The final six paragraphs of the article – smartly saved ’til the article’s end, for a fitting kind of literary denouement – center around the Brigade’s encounter with 120 Jewish refugees in the former concentration camp at Admont, near Klagenfurt, and the celebration of Erev Shabbat by soldiers and survivors. 

The article ends with the singing of the Hatikva.

Or, does it begin?  

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Paralleling the post about Lichtwitz’s Aufbau article of May 4, 1945, this post likewise includes a transcript of the article’s original German text, followed by an English-language translation.  

Mit der “Jüdischen
Brigade” nach Oesterreich
Von Pfc. HANS LICHTWITZ

Klagenfurt, im Juni.

Die Wochen der Erholung und Entspannung nach dem Verlassen der Frontlinie sind zu Ende.  Die “Jewish Brigade” ist in Bewegung.  Der lange Zug, Automobile, Kanonen, Panzerwagen, fährt durch die Städte, die noch vor kurzem im Feindesgebiet lagen.  Ueber die Strassen Norditaliens flutet eine grosse Völkerwanderung: unendliche Kolonnen befreiter Arbeiter und Kriegsgefangener aller Nationen, in die sich der endlose Zug deutscher Kriegsgefangener mischt.  Ihr aller Weg führt nach dem Süden — und zu gleicher Zeit und auf denselben Strecken begibt sich der gewaltige Tross der VIII Armee nach dem Norden.

An uns vorbei werden grosse SS-Abteilungen in die Gefangenschaft geführt.  Das Zusammentreffen mit dem langen Convoy der Jewish Brigade mag für sie ein besonderes Erlebnis gewesen sein.  Unsere Autos sind mit blau-weissen Fahnen und dem Mögen Dovid geschmückt.  An den Seiten prangen grosse Anschriften

“Die Juden kommen!”

und alle möglichen Naziparolen mit umgekehrten Vergleichen.  Wie kläglich sehen diese “Herren der Welt’’ von gestern heute aus!  Diese erste Begegnung mit ihnen — die natürlich alles eher als ruhig zuging — erregt jeden Einzelnen vou uns so sehr, dass wir gar nicht richtig die herrliche Gebirgslandschaft geniessen, durch die die Fahrt gebt.

Und dann, nach einigen Tagen, kommt der grosse Moment, an den wir so oft gedacht, der uns so sehr beschäftigt hat, auf den wir seit Jahren warten: das Betreten des ehemaligen Dritten Reiches.  Ich fahre als Wache auf der Lokomotive eines Zuges, der Material für die Besatzungsarmee führt.  In Tarvis werden Maschine und Zugspersonal gewechselt; österreichische Lokomotivführer und Heizer sind nun meine Gesellschaft.  Ihr erster Blick fällt auf den Mögen Dovid an meiner Uniform, dann streifen mich ihre Augen verlegen.  Kein Gruss wird gewechselt.  Einige Male versuchen sie während der Fahrt ein Gespräch zu beginnen — ich antworte nicht.  Nicht allein, weil es Eisenhower verboten hat — ich kann einfach nicht mit ihnen sprechen.  Weiss Gott, was das für Menschen sind, die so abgearbeitet und schlecht aussehen; weiss Gott, was sie von Hitler und während Hitler gewesen sind.  Aber das grosse Fragezeichen, das jeden Menschen, dem wir von nun an begegnen, umschwebt, lässt die Möglichkeit, ja Wahrscheinlich keit zu: auch er hat in dieser oder jener Form mitgekan.

Am Bahnhof in Klagenfurt, von dem nur ein einziger Schutthaufen übriggeblieben ist, wendet sich ein deutscher Kriegsgefangener bettelnd an mich: “Kamerad, hast du vielleicht eiene Zigarette?”

“Ich bin kein Kamerad, ich bin ein Jude.”

Der Weg in die Stadt führt durch völlig zerstörte Viertel.  Die Strassen sind tief aufgerissen.  Nur schmale Gebsteige sind freigelegt.  Auch im Zentrum der Stadt sind viele Spuren der alliierten Bombardements zu sehen.  Die Nazis haben krampfhaft versucht, aus dieser Zerstörung Propagand – Kapital zu schlagen.  Sie haben an den stehengebliebenen Hauswänden Plakate angebracht: “Das ist der Sozialismus unserer Befreier.”

“We werden unsere Befreier empfangen mit Revolvern und Granaten”.  An den Anschlagsäulen prangen noch die Plakate, die zu einer Massenkundgebung der NSDAP am 20 April N. J. unter der Parole “Adolf Hitler führt zum Siege” einladen.  Der grosste Teil der letzten amtlichen Verlautbarungen wendet sich gegen Zweifler und Pessimisten.

In den Hauptstrassen räumen deutsche Kriegsgefangene unter Bewachung den Schutt auf.  Verdutzt blicken sie auf uns.  Es ist zum ersten Mal seit vielen Monaten, dass wir leichten Herzens durch diese Trümmerwelt schreiten.  Bisher hatte in Italien der Anblick der Zerstörung und der verstörten Menschen irgendeine Stelle des Mitgefühls in uns wachgerufen.  Nun schweigen unsere Herzen kalt, alle Gefühle sind erloschen.

In der Stadt herrscht ein Tohuwabohu, an das sich Auge und Ohr nur schwer gewöhnen können.  Tag und Nacht strömen aus Süddeutschland und Oesterreich zehntausende fremder Arbeiter hierher — Ukrainer, Polen, Tschechen, Italiener, Jugoslawen; französische Ex-Gefangene kommen in grosser Zahl aus der von den Russen okkupierten Zone die Reste der deutschen Armee, die sich Alexander ergeben hat, kampieren noch in der Umgebung; deutsche Flüchtlinge aus dem russischen Teil Oesterreichs, jugoslawische Michaillowic – Flüchtlinge — das alles drängt sich hier zusammen.  Dazu, die Okkupations-Armee — ein buntes, verändertes Bild, bis Ordnung in der Stadt wird, aufrechterhalten durch britische Militär – Polizei, die städtische Polizei — in deutschen Uniformen mit einer weissen Armbinde “Allied Military Government Civil Police” und durch das “Oesterreichische Freikorps”, politische Flüchtlinge, die auf Seite Titos gekämpft hatten — in deutschen Uniformen mit rot-weissroter Armbinde.

Die meisten Geschäfte sind entweder zerstört oder geschlossen.  Im grössten Kaffeehaus der Stadt ist die NAAFI, das Soldaten-Restaurant, untergebracht.  Kärntner Kellnerinnen und Kellner servieren mit Dienstbeflissenheit und Zuvorkommenheit; eine österreichische Kapelle musiziert, der Primgeiger wirft, wirklich werhende Blicke nach allen Seiten.

Die einheimische Bevölkerung ist — und dieser Eindruck verstärkt sich, je mehr man durch die Strassen und Gässchen streift und beobachtet, was rings um einen vorgeht — von einer Freundlichkeit, die bis zur schrankenlosen Anbiederung geht.  Man hatte eine Distanziertheit zur Besatzungs-Armee erwartet, und nun werden die fremden Soldaten wie vornehme Sommerfrischler am Wörther-See behandelt.

Die VIII. Armee gibt eine deutsche Tageszeitung “Kärntner Nachrichten” und eine Wandzeitung heraus, die nicht nur verbreitet, sondern auch gelesen werden.  Diese Menschen sind gewohnt Obrigkeiten blind anzuerkennen.  Gestern haben sie mit der gleichen Aufmerksamkeit die Nazipresse gelesen.  Was in ihrem Inneren vorgeht, weiss man natürlich nicht.  Aber jüdische Flüchtlinge, die sich schon lange unter ihnen als ausländische “nichtjüdische” Arbeiter bewegten, erzählen uns, dass der Glaube an den Nationalsozialismus zusammengebrochen ist.  An seine Stelle sind Angst und Neugierde getreten.  Die Klagenfurter betrachten es als ein Glück, in die englische Zone geraten und vorläufig vom Tito-Alhdruck befreit zu sein.  Ihr Hauptinteresse konzentriert sich auf die Lebensmittelversorgung.  Alles ist sehr knapp, und ein Hungerwinter steht bevor.

Wir haben in Klagenfurt 120 Juden des Konzentrationslagers Admont gefunden.  Als sie uns auf der Strasse zum ersten Mal sahen, blieben sie wie versteinert stehen: Soldaten mit dem Mögen Dovid!  Sie hatten vorher keine Ahnung von unserer Existenz.  Noch vor zwei Wochen waren sie im Konzentrationslager unter SS-Behandlung.  Am 5 Mai erhielt der Lagerkommandant den Befehl, sämtliche Juden zu erschiessen.  Aber einige SS-Offiziere weigerten sich angesichts des britischen Vormarsches diesen Befehl auszuführen.  Man brachte die Juden am nächsten Tage nach Klagenfurt und überliess sie in dem dort herrschenden Chaos ihrem Schicksal.  Sie stammen fast durchweg aus Ungarn und Karpatho-Russland.

Auch von anderen Seiten tauchen Juden auf, die hier lange Zeit mit gefälschten Dokumenten als Nichtjuden gelobt haben.  Von ihnen erfahren wir von zahlreichen ähnlichen Fällen aus anderen Orten Kärnten und Tirols.

Unsere Hilfe beginnt sogleich.  Vom Tage der “Entdeckung” an gibt es für sie kein quälendes Ernährungsproblem mehr, wie bei den anderen Flüchtlingen.  Listen werden angelegt und weitergeleitet.  Sie spüren genau, sie sind nicht mehr verloren.

Zu Dritt begeben wir Soldaten uns auf die Suche nach der einstigen Synagoge.  In einer ganz zerbombten Gegend finden wir sie.  Das einzige Haus in der Platzgasse, das noch das Aussehen eines Hauses hat.  Aber das Innere ist zerstört und verschmutzt.  An der Saaldecke sind noch hebräische Aufschriften zu lesen, die anscheinend von den Nazis, die hier ihre “Volkswohlfahrtsstelle” und später ein Flüchtlingsasyl unterhalten hatten, als Kuriosum belassen worden waren.  Auch diese Synagoge wird von den Nazis gereinigt werden.  Aber in keinem von uns erwacht der Wunsch, hier wieder eine jüdische Kehilla zu sehen.  Es wäre eine Illusion, wenn irgendjemand glauben sollte, hier oder an einem anderen Platze in Deutschland Wiedersehen mit alten Zeiten, mit einstigen Lebensbedingungen und den Menschen von anno dazumal feiern zu können.

Es ist Erew Schabbat — die jüdischen Flüchtlinge haben uns zu einer Feier eingeladen.  Der Rabbiner der Brigade ist gekommen und hat eine Sefer Thora mitgebracht.  Wir sind sechs Soldaten der Brigade und zwei jüdische Soldaten von der englischen Garnison.  Die Tische sind weiss gedeckt.  Während des Gebetes brechen die meisten in ein erschütterndes Schluchzen aus.  Sie können es nicht fassen: ein jüdischer Offizier betet vor, jüdische Soldaten in ihrer Mitte, sie selbst frei.

Wir singen die Hatikvah.  Wie oft haben wir sie in diesem Jahre bei den verschiedensten Anlässen gesungen: Am 2. November, als uns die Schiffe nach Europa brachten, am Tage bevor wir uns in die Frontlinie begaben, am Grabe unserer Gefallenen, beim Dankgottes dienst am V-Tage.  Aber diesmal ist es ein besonderes Erlebnis.  “Die Hoffnung”, an die sich diese Menschen in sehr finsteren Momenten geklammert haben, ist Erfüllung geworden.  Sie ist nach ihrem Zusammentreffen mit uns gross und grösser geworden.  Immer kleiner wird die Zahl der Weinenden.  Die Blicke hellen sich auf und sie stehen nun, während wir die Hymne unseres Volkes singen, so gerade und aufrecht wie wir.

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With the “Jewish Brigade” to Austria
By PFC HANS LICHTWITZ

Klagenfurt, in June.

The weeks of rest and relaxation after leaving the front line are over.  The “Jewish Brigade” is on the move.  The long procession, automobiles, cannon, armored cars, drive through the cities that were recently in enemy territory.  A great migration of peoples flows over the streets of northern Italy: endless columns of liberated workers and prisoners of war of all nations into which the endless train of German prisoners of war mingles.  All their roads lead to the south – and at the same time and on the same routes, the mighty unit of the 8th Army moves to the north.

Past us, large S.S. units are being led into captivity.  The encounter with the long convoy of the Jewish Brigade may have been a special experience for them.  Our cars are adorned with blue and white flags and Shield of David.  On the sides, big addresses stand out

“The Jews are coming!”

and all kinds of Nazi polls with inverse comparisons.  How miserable these yesterday’s “Men of the World” look today!  This first encounter with them – which, of course, everything was rather quiet – arouses in every single one of us so much that we do not really enjoy the beautiful mountain scenery through which the journey goes.

And then, after a few days, comes the great moment we so often thought of, which has been so busy for us that we have been waiting for years: entering the former Third Reich.  As a guard, I drive on the locomotive of a train carrying material for the occupation army.  In Tarvis [probably Tarvisio, Italy], the machine and train crew are changed; Austrian locomotive drivers and stokers are now my company.  Their first glimpse of the Shield of David on my uniform, then my eyes wander in embarrassment.  No greeting will be exchanged.  Some times they try to start a conversation while driving – I do not answer.  Not only because it has been banned by Eisenhower – I just can not talk to them.  God knows what kind of people they are, who work so well and look bad; God knows, what they got from Hitler during Hitler’s [rule].  But the big question mark, which embraces every person we meet from now on, allows the possibility, indeed the probability, that he also participated in one form or another.

At the train station in Klagenfurt, of which only a single pile of rubble is left, a German prisoner of war turns to me begging: “Comrade, do you have a cigarette?”

“I’m not a comrade, I’m a Jew.”

The way into the city leads through completely destroyed quarters.  The streets are torn open.  Only narrow platforms are exposed.  Also in the center of the city are many traces of the Allied bombardment.  The Nazis have been desperately trying to capitalize on this destruction of propaganda.  They have placed posters on the left wall of the house: “This is the socialism of our liberators.”

“We will receive our liberators with revolvers and grenades.”  On the advertising columns are still the posters that invite to a mass rally of the NSDAP on 20 April under the slogan “Adolf Hitler leads to victory”.  Most of the latest official statements are directed against doubters and pessimists.

In the main streets German prisoners of war clean up the rubble under guard.  They look at us in surprise.  It is the first time in many months that we pass through this world of debris with a light heart.  So far, in Italy, the sight of destruction and disturbed people has evoked some place of compassion in us.  Now our hearts are silent cold, all feelings are gone.

There is a hustle and bustle in the city that is hard to get used to.  Day and night, tens of thousands of foreign workers pour out of southern Germany and Austria – Ukrainians, Poles, Czechs, Italians, Yugoslavs; French ex-prisoners come in large numbers out of the zone occupied by the Russians.  The remains of the German army, which has surrendered to Alexander, are still camping in the area; German refugees from the Russian part of Austria, Yugoslav Michailowicz refugees – all this is crowded together here.  In addition, the Occupation Army – a colorful, altered image, until order in the city is maintained by British military police, the city police – in German uniforms with a white armband “Allied Military Government Civil Police” and by the “Austrian Free Corps”, political refugees who had fought on the side of Tito – in German uniforms with red and white armbands.

Most shops are either destroyed or closed.  The largest coffee house in the city houses the NAAFI [Naval, Army, and Air Force Institutes], the soldier’s restaurant.  Carinthian waitresses and waiters serve with service and courtesy; an Austrian band plays music, [the lader] genuinely making glances appear on all sides.

The native population is – and this impression intensifies, the more one wanders through the streets and alleyways and observes what is going on around one – from a friendliness that goes as far as a boundless approach.  They had expected a detachment from the occupation army, and now the foreign soldiers are being treated like noble summer visitors to Lake Wörthersee.

The 8th Army publishes a German newspaper “Carinthian News” and a wall newspaper, which are not only distributed but also read.  These people are used to blindly accepting authorities.  Yesterday they read the Nazi press with the same attention.  Of course you do not know what’s going on inside.  But Jewish refugees, who have long been among them as foreign “non-Jewish” workers, tell us that the belief in National Socialism has collapsed.  In its place fear and curiosity have entered.  The people of Klagenfurt consider it a stroke of luck to enter the English zone and for the time being to be exempted from Tito-Alhdruck [?].  Their main interest is the supply of food.  Everything is very close, and a winter of hunger is imminent.

We found 120 Jews of the concentration camp Admont in Klagenfurt.  [See this excellent image (copyrighted; oh well!…) from the Simon Wiesenthal Center Library and Archives.]  When they saw us on the street for the first time, they stopped dead in their tracks: Soldiers with the Shield of David!  They had no idea about our existence before.  Only two weeks ago they were in the concentration camp under S.S. handling.  On May 5, the camp commandant was ordered to shoot all the Jews.  But some S.S. officers refused to carry out this order in the face of the British advance.  The Jews were brought to Klagenfurt the next day, leaving them to their fate in the chaos that prevailed there.  They are almost all from Hungary and Karpatho-Russia.

From other sources, too, Jews appear who have long praised non-Jews for using fake documents.  From them we learn from numerous similar cases from other places in Carinthia and Tyrol.

Our help starts immediately.  From the day of the “discovery” there is no longer a nagging food problem for them, as with the other refugees.  Lists are created and forwarded.  They feel exactly, they are no longer lost.

On the third, we soldiers go in search of the former synagogue.  In a completely bombed area we find it.  The only house in Platzgasse that still has the look of a house.  But the interior is destroyed and polluted.  On the ceiling Hebrew inscriptions are still to be read, which had apparently been left as a curiosity by the Nazis, who had maintained here their “public welfare center” and later a refugee asylum.  This synagogue will also be cleaned by the Nazis.  But none of us wished to see a Jewish Kehilla here again.  It would be an illusion if anyone believed that they could celebrate a reunion with old times, with former living conditions and the people of yesteryear, here or in another place in Germany.

It is Erev Shabbat – the Jewish refugees have invited us to a celebration.  The rabbi of the brigade has come and brought a sefer Torah.  We are six soldiers of the brigade and two Jewish soldiers of the English garrison.  The tables are covered in white.  During prayer, most of them break out in a shattering sob.  You can not believe it: a Jewish officer prays, Jewish soldiers in their midst, they themselves free.

We sing the Hatikva.  How many times have we sung it at various occasions this year?  On the 2nd of November, when the ships brought us to Europe, the day before we went to the front line, at the graves of our dead, at the Thanksgiving service on the V-day.  But this time it’s a special experience.  “The hope” to which these people have clung in very dark moments has become fulfilled.  It has become great and greater after meeting us.  The number of crying people is getting smaller and smaller.  The eyes brighten and they stand, as we sing the hymn of our people, as straight and upright as we are.